Yin la'akari da Maganin Zafi a cikin Tsarin Ruwan Matsi

Welding na muhimman abubuwa, walda na gami karfe da walda na lokacin farin ciki sassa duk bukatar preheating kafin waldi.Babban ayyuka na preheating kafin walda su ne kamar haka:

(1) Preheating na iya rage yawan sanyaya bayan waldawa, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga tserewar hydrogen mai yaduwa a cikin ƙarfen walda kuma yana guje wa fashewar hydrogen.A lokaci guda, matakin hardening na weld da yankin da ke fama da zafi ya ragu, kuma an inganta juriya na tsagewar haɗin gwiwa.

(2) Preheating na iya rage damuwa walda.Uniform na gida preheating ko gaba ɗaya preheating na iya rage yawan zafin jiki (wanda kuma aka sani da zafin jiki gradient) tsakanin workpieces da za a welded a cikin waldi yankin.Ta wannan hanyar, a gefe guda, damuwa na walda yana raguwa, a daya bangaren kuma, adadin walda yana raguwa, wanda ke da fa'ida don guje wa fashewar walda.

(3) Preheating na iya rage ƙuntatawa na tsarin da aka yi wa welded, musamman ma hana haɗin fillet.Tare da karuwa da zafin jiki na preheating, abubuwan da suka faru na raguwa suna raguwa.

Zaɓin zafin zafin jiki na preheating da zafin jiki na tsaka-tsakin ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da sinadarai na ƙarfe da lantarki ba, har ma da ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin walda, hanyar walda, zafin yanayi, da sauransu, wanda yakamata a ƙayyade bayan cikakken la'akari da waɗannan. dalilai.

Bugu da ƙari, daidaituwar zafin jiki na preheating a cikin kauri shugabanci na karfe takardar da kuma daidaitattun a cikin yankin weld yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan rage damuwa na walda.Ya kamata a ƙayyade nisa na preheating na gida bisa ga ƙuntataccen aikin aikin da za a welded.Gabaɗaya, ya kamata ya zama kauri na bango sau uku a kusa da yankin walda, kuma kada ya zama ƙasa da 150-200 mm.Idan preheating bai zama iri ɗaya ba, maimakon rage damuwa na walda, zai ƙara damuwa na walda.

Akwai dalilai guda uku na maganin zafi bayan walda: kawar da hydrogen, kawar da damuwa walda, inganta tsarin walda da aikin gabaɗaya.

Maganin dehydrogenation bayan walda yana nufin maganin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi da aka yi bayan an gama walda kuma ba a sanyaya waldar zuwa ƙasa da 100 ° C ba.A general bayani dalla-dalla ne don zafi zuwa 200 ~ 350 ℃ da kuma kiyaye shi ga 2-6 hours.Babban aikin maganin kawar da hydrogen bayan walda shine a hanzarta tserewa daga hydrogen a cikin walda da yankin da zafin rana ya shafa, wanda ke da matukar tasiri wajen hana fasa walda yayin walda ƙananan karafa.

A lokacin aikin walda, saboda rashin daidaituwar dumama da sanyaya, da kuma kamewa ko kamun kai na waje da shi kansa, damuwa walda za ta kasance koyaushe a cikin abin bayan an gama aikin walda.Kasancewar damuwa walda a cikin ɓangaren zai rage ainihin ƙarfin ɗaukar hoto na yankin haɗin gwiwa da aka yi wa walda, haifar da nakasar filastik, har ma haifar da lalacewar sashin a lokuta masu tsanani.

Danniya taimako zafi magani ne don rage yawan amfanin ƙasa ƙarfi na welded workpiece a high zafin jiki don cimma manufar shakatawa da walda danniya.Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu da ake amfani da su: ɗaya shine yanayin zafin jiki na gabaɗaya, wato, ana saka welding gaba ɗaya a cikin tanderun dumama, a hankali mai zafi zuwa wani zafin jiki, sannan a ajiye shi na ɗan lokaci, sannan a sanyaya a cikin iska ko kuma a sanyaya. a cikin tanderun.

Ta wannan hanyar, 80% -90% na damuwa walda za a iya kawar da su.Wata hanya kuma ita ce zafin yanayi mai zafi na gida, wato kawai dumama walda da kewayenta, sannan a sanyaya sannu a hankali, rage kololuwar ƙimar walƙiyar walda, sanya rarraba damuwa ya ɗan daidaita, da kuma kawar da danniya.

Bayan an haɗa wasu kayan haɗin gwal na ƙarfe, haɗin gwiwar su na walda za su bayyana ƙaƙƙarfan tsari, wanda zai lalata kaddarorin inji na kayan.Bugu da ƙari, wannan ƙaƙƙarfan tsari na iya haifar da lalata haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin aikin damuwa na walda da hydrogen.Bayan maganin zafi, an inganta tsarin metallographic na haɗin gwiwa, an inganta filastik da taurin haɗin gwiwa, kuma an inganta ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya na haɗin gwiwa.

Maganin zubar da ruwa shine kiyaye dumi na ɗan lokaci a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 300 zuwa 400 digiri.Manufar ita ce ta hanzarta gudun hijirar hydrogen a cikin haɗin gwiwar da aka haɗa, kuma sakamakon maganin dehydrogenation ya fi na ƙananan zafin jiki bayan dumama.

Maganin zafi bayan walda da bayan walda, akan lokaci bayan dumama da kuma magance rashin ruwa bayan walda na ɗaya daga cikin ingantattun matakan hana sanyin walda.Ya kamata a kula da tsagewar da hydrogen ke haifarwa ta hanyar tara hydrogen a cikin fastoci da yawa da waldawar faranti mai kauri da yawa tare da jiyya na cire hydrogen 2 zuwa 3 matsakaici.

Yin la'akari da Maganin Zafi a cikin Tsarin Ruwan Matsi

Yin la'akari da Jiyya na Heat a cikin Matsakaicin Jirgin Ruwa na Zane Maganin zafi, a matsayin hanyar gargajiya da kuma tasiri don ingantawa da mayar da kaddarorin karfe, ya kasance hanyar haɗi mai rauni koyaushe a cikin ƙira da kera tasoshin matsa lamba.

Tasoshin matsin lamba sun ƙunshi nau'ikan maganin zafi guda huɗu:

Maganin zafi na bayan-weld (maganin zafi na damuwa);zafi magani don inganta kayan abu;zafi magani don mayar da kayan abu;bayan-weld hydrogen kawar da magani.Abin da ake mayar da hankali a nan shi ne tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi maganin zafi bayan walda, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai wajen tsara tasoshin matsa lamba.

1. Shin austenitic bakin karfe matsa lamba jirgin ruwa bukatar post-weld zafi magani?The post-weld zafi magani ne don amfani da rage yawan amfanin ƙasa na karfe abu a high zafin jiki don samar da filastik kwarara a wurin da danniya ne high, don cimma manufar kawar waldi saura danniya, da kuma a lokaci guda na iya Inganta filastik da taurin welded gidajen abinci da yankin da ya shafa zafi, da haɓaka ikon jure lalata damuwa.Ana amfani da wannan hanyar agajin danniya sosai a cikin ƙarfe na carbon, ƙananan tasoshin matsa lamba na gami tare da tsarin kristal mai tushen jiki.

Tsarin lu'ulu'u na bakin karfe austenitic shine mai siffar siffar fuska.Tun da kayan ƙarfe na tsarin kristal mai siffar fuska yana da ƙarin jiragen sama masu zamewa fiye da cubic mai tsaka-tsakin jiki, yana nuna kyawawan kaddarorin ƙarfi da ƙarfi.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ƙirar tasoshin matsa lamba, ana zaɓin bakin karfe sau da yawa don dalilai guda biyu na anti-lalata da saduwa da bukatun musamman na zafin jiki.Bugu da ƙari, bakin karfe yana da tsada idan aka kwatanta da carbon karfe da ƙananan ƙarfe, don haka kaurin bangon ba zai yi girma sosai ba.kauri.

Sabili da haka, la'akari da amincin aiki na al'ada, babu buƙatar buƙatun maganin zafi na bayan-weld don tasoshin matsa lamba na bakin karfe austenitic.

Game da lalata saboda amfani, rashin zaman lafiyar kayan aiki, irin su lalacewa ta hanyar yanayin aiki mara kyau kamar gajiya, nauyin tasiri, da dai sauransu, yana da wuya a yi la'akari da zane na al'ada.Idan waɗannan yanayi sun kasance, ma'aikatan kimiyya da fasaha masu dacewa (kamar: ƙira, amfani, bincike na kimiyya da sauran raka'a masu dacewa) suna buƙatar gudanar da bincike mai zurfi, gwaje-gwajen kwatankwacin, da kuma fito da tsarin kula da zafi mai yuwuwa don tabbatar da cewa cikakke. aikin sabis na jirgin matsa lamba bai shafi ba.

In ba haka ba, idan bukatar da yiwuwar zafi magani ga austenitic bakin karfe matsa lamba tasoshin ba a cikakken la'akari, shi ne sau da yawa unfeasible don kawai yi zafi jiyya bukatun ga austenitic bakin karfe ta kwatance tare da carbon karfe da low gami karfe.

A cikin ma'auni na yanzu, abubuwan da ake buƙata don maganin zafi na bayan-weld na austenitic bakin karfe matsa lamba tasoshin sun kasance m.An kayyade shi a cikin GB150: "Sai in ba haka ba an ƙayyade a cikin zane-zane, ƙahonin bakin karfe masu sanyi na austenitic ba za a yi maganin zafi ba".

Dangane da ko ana yin maganin zafi a wasu lokuta, yana iya bambanta bisa ga fahimtar mutane daban-daban.An kayyade a cikin GB150 cewa kwantena da abubuwan da ke cikin matsin lamba sun hadu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan kuma yakamata a kula da zafi.Abu na biyu da na uku su ne: “Kwanalai masu lalatawar damuwa, kamar kwantena masu ɗauke da iskar gas mai ruwa, ruwan ammonia, da sauransu.”da “kwantena masu ɗauke da kafofin watsa labarai masu matuƙar guba ko masu guba”.

An ƙulla shi kawai: "Sai in ba haka ba an ƙayyade a cikin zane-zane, haɗin welded na austenitic bakin karfe ba za a iya magance zafi ba".

Daga matakin daidaitaccen magana, yakamata a fahimci wannan buƙatun musamman don yanayi daban-daban da aka jera a abu na farko.Abubuwan da aka ambata a sama na biyu da na uku bazai zama dole a haɗa su ba.

Ta wannan hanyar, abubuwan da ake buƙata don maganin zafi na bayan-weld na austenitic bakin karfe matsa lamba na austenitic za a iya bayyana su sosai kuma daidai, don haka masu zanen kaya za su iya yanke shawarar ko da yadda za a yi zafi da jiyya don tasoshin matsa lamba na austenitic bisa ga ainihin halin da ake ciki.

Mataki na 74 na bugu na 99 na “Dokokin Ƙarfin” ya faɗi a sarari: “Bakin ƙarfe na Austenitic ko tasoshin matsin ƙarfe mara ƙarfe gabaɗaya baya buƙatar magani mai zafi bayan waldawa.Idan ana buƙatar maganin zafi don buƙatu na musamman, ya kamata a nuna shi akan zane.”

2. Heat magani na fashewar bakin karfe sanye take da kwantena farantin karfe faranti mai fashewa da aka yi amfani da su sosai a cikin masana'antar jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba saboda kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, cikakkiyar haɗuwa da ƙarfin injiniya da ƙimar farashi mai dacewa.Har ila yau, ya kamata a kawo batutuwan maganin zafi ga masu zanen jirgin ruwa na matsin lamba.

Ƙididdigar fasaha wanda masu zanen jirgin ruwa sukan haɗa mahimmanci ga bangarori masu haɗaka shine ƙimar haɗin kai, yayin da zafin jiyya na bangarori daban-daban ana la'akari da shi kadan ko ya kamata a yi la'akari da daidaitattun matakan fasaha da masana'antun.Tsarin tarwatsa sassan ƙarfe masu haɗaka da gaske shine aiwatar da amfani da makamashi a saman ƙarfe.

Karkashin aikin bugun bugun jini mai saurin gaske, kayan hadewa suna karo da kayan tushe ba tare da izini ba, kuma a cikin yanayin jet na karfe, ana samar da hanyar sadarwa ta zigzag tsakanin karfen da aka rufe da karfen tushe don cimma daidaito tsakanin atom.

Ƙarfe na tushe bayan sarrafa fashewa yana da haƙiƙanin tsarin ƙarfafawa.

A sakamakon haka, ƙarfin ƙarfin σb yana ƙaruwa, ƙididdigar filastik yana raguwa, kuma ƙimar ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa σs ba a bayyane yake ba.Ko jerin Q235 karfe ne ko 16MnR, bayan sarrafa fashewa sannan kuma gwada kayan aikin injin sa, duk suna nuna abin da ke ƙarfafa nau'ikan abubuwan da ke sama.Dangane da wannan, duka farantin karfe na titanium-karfe da farantin karfe na nickel-karfe suna buƙatar a sanya farantin ɗin zuwa maganin zafi na damuwa bayan haɗewar abubuwan fashewa.

Har ila yau, bugu na 99 na "ma'aunin ƙarfin" yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi akan wannan, amma ba a sanya irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin don fashewar abubuwan fashewar austenitic bakin karfe ba.

A cikin ka'idodin fasaha na yanzu da suka dace, tambayar ko kuma yadda za a yi zafi bi da farantin bakin karfe na austenitic bayan sarrafa fashewa yana da ƙarancin fahimta.

GB8165-87 "Bakin Karfe Clad Plate" ya kayyade: "Bisa ga yarjejeniya tsakanin mai kaya da mai siye, kuma ana iya isar da shi a cikin yanayi mai zafi ko yanayin zafi."An ba da shi don daidaitawa, datsa ko yanke.A kan buƙatu, za a iya tsinkayar abin da aka haɗar da shi, ko a goge shi ko kuma a goge shi, kuma ana iya ba da shi cikin yanayin da aka yi wa zafi.”

Ba a ambaci yadda ake yin maganin zafi ba.Babban dalilin wannan yanayin har yanzu shine matsalar da aka ambata na yankuna masu hankali inda austenitic bakin karfe ke haifar da lalatawar intergranular.

GB8547-87 "Titanium-karfe clad farantin" ya kayyade cewa zafi magani tsarin for danniya taimako zafi magani titanium-karfe farantin karfe ne: 540 ℃ ± 25 ℃, zafi adana for 3 hours.Kuma wannan zafin jiki yana cikin kewayon zafin jiki na austenitic bakin karfe (400 ℃-850 ℃).

Sabili da haka, yana da wuya a ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi don maganin zafi na fashewar abubuwan fashewa austenitic bakin karfe.Game da wannan, dole ne masu zanen jirgin ruwan mu su sami fahimi sarai, su ba da cikakkiyar kulawa, kuma su ɗauki matakan da suka dace.

Da farko dai, bai kamata a yi amfani da 1Cr18Ni9Ti ba don yin amfani da bakin karfe ba, domin idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan ƙarfe austenitic bakin karfe 0Cr18Ni9, abubuwan da ke cikin carbon ya fi girma, haɓakawa yana iya faruwa, kuma juriya ga lalata intergranular yana raguwa.

Bugu da kari, lokacin da harsashi jirgin ruwa harsashi da kan da aka yi da fashewar hadadden austenitic bakin karfe farantin da aka yi amfani a cikin matsananci yanayi, kamar: high matsa lamba, matsa lamba, da kuma musamman da kuma mai matukar hatsari kafofin watsa labarai, 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 kamata a yi amfani.Bakin karfe mai ƙarancin ƙarancin carbon austenitic yana rage yuwuwar fahimtar hankali.

Ya kamata a gabatar da buƙatun maganin zafi don bangarori masu haɗaka a fili, kuma tsarin tsarin kula da zafi ya kamata a ƙayyade tare da shawarwari tare da bangarorin da suka dace, don cimma manufar cewa kayan tushe yana da adadin adadin filastik kuma kayan haɗin gwiwar yana da da ake buƙata juriya na lalata.

3. Za a iya amfani da wasu hanyoyi don maye gurbin jiyya na zafi na kayan aiki?Saboda gazawar yanayin masana'anta da kuma la'akari da bukatun tattalin arziki, mutane da yawa sun binciko wasu hanyoyin don maye gurbin gabaɗayan maganin zafi na tasoshin matsin lamba.Ko da yake waɗannan binciken suna da amfani kuma suna da daraja, amma a halin yanzu Har ila yau, ba a madadin maganin zafi na gaba ɗaya ba.

Abubuwan buƙatun don haɗaɗɗun magani na zafi ba a sami annashuwa ba a cikin ingantattun ma'auni da hanyoyin aiki a halin yanzu.Daga cikin hanyoyin daban-daban na maganin zafi na gabaɗaya, waɗanda suka fi dacewa su ne: maganin zafi na gida, hanyar yin guduma don kawar da damuwa na walda, hanyar fashewa don kawar da ragowar walda da hanyar girgiza, hanyar wankan ruwan zafi, da sauransu.

Jiyya na ɓangarorin zafi: An ƙayyade shi a cikin 10.4.5.3 na GB150-1998 “Tsarin Matsalolin Karfe”: “B, C, D welded gidajen abinci, nau'in welded haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa kai da silinda da ɓangarorin gyaran walda mara lahani an yarda su yi amfani da su. wani bangare na zafi magani.Hanyar maganin zafi."Wannan ka'ida yana nufin cewa ba a ba da izinin hanyar maganin zafi na gida don Weld Class A akan silinda ba, wato: ba a yarda da duk kayan aiki don amfani da hanyar maganin zafi na gida ba, daya daga cikin dalilan shi ne cewa damuwa na walda ba zai iya zama ba. kawar da symmetrically.

Hanyar guduma tana kawar da ragowar walƙiya: wato ta hanyar guduma da hannu, an ɗora matsi na lamination akan saman haɗin gwiwar da aka yi masa walda, ta haka wani ɗan lokaci yana kawar da mummunan sakamako na raguwar damuwa.

A ka'ida, wannan hanya tana da wani tasiri mai hanawa akan hana lalata lalata damuwa.

Koyaya, saboda babu alamun ƙididdigewa da tsauraran hanyoyin aiki a cikin aiwatar da aiki mai amfani, kuma aikin tabbatarwa don kwatantawa da amfani bai isa ba, ba a karbe shi ta daidaitattun yanzu.

Hanyar fashewa don kawar da ragowar walda: Abun fashewar an yi shi ne ta musamman zuwa siffar tef, kuma bangon ciki na kayan yana makale a saman haɗin haɗin da aka yi masa walda.Tsarin daidai yake da na hanyar guduma don kawar da ragowar damuwa na walda.

An ce wannan hanya na iya gyara wasu kurakuran hanyar guduma don kawar da ragowar walda.Koyaya, wasu raka'a sun yi amfani da jiyya na zafi gabaɗaya da hanyar fashewa don kawar da ragowar walda akan tankunan ajiya na LPG guda biyu tare da yanayi iri ɗaya.Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, binciken bude tankin ya gano cewa mahaɗar welded na tsohon ba su da kyau, yayin da na'urorin walda na tankin ajiyar da aka kawar da ragowar damuwa ta hanyar fashewar ya nuna fashe da yawa.Ta wannan hanyar, hanyar fashewa da ta shahara sau ɗaya don kawar da ragowar damuwa na walda shiru.

Akwai wasu hanyoyin walda saura danniya, wanda saboda daban-daban dalilai ba su samu karbuwa daga matsin jirgin ruwa.A cikin wata kalma, gabaɗayan maganin zafi bayan walda na tasoshin matsin lamba (ciki har da maganin zafi a cikin tanderun) yana da lahani na yawan amfani da makamashi da kuma tsawon lokacin sake zagayowar, kuma yana fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban a ainihin aiki saboda dalilai kamar tsarin jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba, amma har yanzu masana'antar matsin lamba ce.Hanya guda daya tilo ta kawar da ragowar damuwa na walda wanda yake karbuwa ta kowane fanni.