Tasoshin matsin lamba suna da fa'idar amfani da yawa, adadi mai yawa da yanayin aiki masu rikitarwa, kuma girman cutarwar da hatsarori ke haifarwa ya bambanta.Matsayin haɗari yana da alaƙa da abubuwa da yawa, kamar matsa lamba na ƙira, ƙirar ƙira, haɗari matsakaici, kayan aikin injiniya na kayan, amfani da lokatai da hanyoyin shigarwa.Mafi girman haɗari, mafi girman buƙatun don kayan aikin jirgin ruwa, ƙira, ƙira, dubawa, amfani da gudanarwa.Don haka, ana buƙatar rarrabuwa mai ma'ana na tasoshin matsin lamba.
1. Hadarin watsa labarai
Hatsarin matsakaici yana nufin guba, flammability, lalata, oxidation, da dai sauransu na matsakaici, daga cikinsu guba da flammability sune manyan abubuwan da suka shafi rarraba tasoshin matsa lamba.
(1) Guba
Guba yana nufin ikon gubar sinadari don haifar da lahani ga jiki, kuma ana amfani dashi don bayyana alakar da ke tsakanin adadin gubar da amsa mai guba.Girman yawan guba gabaɗaya ana bayyana shi dangane da adadin da ake buƙata don wani abu mai guba don haifar da wani abu mai guba a cikin dabbobin gwaji.Guba mai guba, wanda aka bayyana azaman abun da ke cikin iska.Ƙananan ƙaddamar da adadin da ake buƙata, mafi girma da guba.
Lokacin zayyana tasoshin matsin lamba, bisa ga matsakaicin matsakaicin adadin kafofin watsa labaru na sinadarai, Sin tana rarraba kafofin watsa labaru a matsayin masu haɗari sosai (Ⅰ
Akwai matakai huɗu: babban haɗari (matakinⅡ), matsakaicin haɗari (matakinⅢ), da kuma m haɗari (matakinⅣ).Abin da ake kira iyakar abin da aka yarda da shi yana nufin mafi girman maida hankali wanda ake ganin ba zai cutar da jikin mutum daga matakin likita ba, wanda aka bayyana a cikin milligrams na abubuwa masu guba a kowace mita cubic na iska, kuma sashin shine mg/m3.Ma'auni na gaba ɗaya sune:
Matsakaicin haɗari (Class I) matsakaicin adadin da aka yarda da yawa <0.1mg/m3;
Matsakaicin haɗari (Class II) matsakaicin izinin taro taro 0.1 ~ <1.0mg/m3;
Matsakaicin haɗari (sa III) matsakaicin ƙaddamar da taro mai izini 1.0 ~ <10mg/m3;
Haɗari mai sauƙi (sa IV) Matsakaicin izinin taro taro shine≥10mg/m3.
Mafi girman yawan guba na matsakaici, mafi girman cutarwa da fashewar fashewar ko zubar da jirgin ruwa ya haifar, kuma mafi girma abubuwan da ake bukata don zaɓin kayan aiki, ƙira, dubawa da gudanarwa.Misali, ba za a yi amfani da faranti na ƙarfe na Q235-B don kera tasoshin matsin lamba tare da watsa labarai masu haɗari ko matuƙar haɗari;a lokacin da masana'antu kwantena dauke da musamman ko sosai m kafofin watsa labarai, carbon karfe da low-alloy karfe faranti za a hõre ultrasonic gwajin daya bayan daya, da kuma gaba daya Post-weld zafi magani dole ne a za'ayi, da Class A da B welded gidajen abinci a kan. Hakanan ya kamata a jujjuya akwati zuwa 100% ray ko gwajin ultrasonic, kuma dole ne a yi gwajin ƙarfin iska bayan gwajin hydraulic ya cancanci.
Abubuwan buƙatun don kera kwantena tare da matsakaita ko ƙarancin guba sun fi ƙasa da ƙasa.Matsayin mai guba yana da babban tasiri akan zaɓi na flanges, wanda aka fi nunawa a cikin matakin matsa lamba mara kyau na flange.Idan matsakaici na ciki yana da matsakaici mai guba, matsa lamba mara kyau na flange bututu da aka zaɓa kada ya zama ƙasa da 1.0MPa;Matsakaicin ciki yana da girma ko matsananciyar haɗari mai haɗari, matsa lamba na ƙimar bututun da aka zaɓa bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 1.6MPa ba, kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da flange waldi tare da wuyansa gwargwadon yiwuwa.
(2) Flammability
Cakuda da iskar gas ko tururi da iska ba mai ƙonewa ba ne ko fashe ta kowace fuska, amma yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga da canje-canje saboda canje-canjen yanayi.Binciken ya nuna cewa lokacin da abun ciki na iskar gas mai ƙonewa a cikin cakuduwar ya dace da yanayin cikakken konewa, halayen konewa shine mafi tashin hankali.Idan abun cikinsa ya ragu ko ya karu, saurin ƙonewar harshen wuta zai ragu, kuma lokacin da taro ya yi ƙasa ko sama da ƙayyadaddun ƙima, ba zai ƙara ƙonewa da fashewa ba.Matsakaicin abin da cakuduwar iskar gas ko tururi da iska za su fashe nan da nan idan aka ci karo da wata majiyar wuta ko kuma wani nau'in makamashin fashewa ana kiransa iyakar maida hankali, mafi karancin maida hankali a lokacin fashewa ana kiransa iyakar fashewa, kuma mafi girman maida hankali shine ake kira iyakar fashewa.
Ana bayyana iyakar fashewa gabaɗaya ta ƙarar juzu'in iskar gas mai ƙonewa ko tururi a cikin cakuda.Matsakaici tare da ƙarancin fashewar ƙasa da 10%, ko bambanci tsakanin iyakar fashewar babba da ƙananan iyaka ya fi ko daidai da 20%, gabaɗaya ana magana da shi azaman kafofin watsa labarai masu ƙonewa, kamar methane, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen, propane, butane, da dai sauransu. Kafofin watsa labaru masu ƙonewa sun haɗa da iskar gas, ruwa da daskararru.Matsakaicin wuta da ke ƙunshe a cikin jirgin ruwan matsa lamba galibi yana nufin iskar gas mai ƙonewa da iskar gas.
Kafofin watsa labaru masu flammable sun gabatar da buƙatu mafi girma akan zaɓi, ƙira, ƙira da sarrafa tasoshin matsa lamba.Duk welds (ciki har da fillet waldi) na tasoshin matsa lamba masu ƙonewa za su ɗauki cikakken tsarin shigar ciki, da sauransu.
2. Rarraba tasoshin matsa lamba
Kasashe daban-daban a duniya suna da hanyoyin rarraba mabambanta don tasoshin matsin lamba.Wannan sashe yana mai da hankali kan hanyoyin rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin "Dokokin sa ido kan ka'idojin kula da lafiyar jirgin ruwa na kasar Sin".
(1) Rarraba ta matakin matsa lamba
Dangane da nau'in matsin lamba, ana iya raba tasoshin matsa lamba zuwa tasoshin matsa lamba na ciki da tasoshin matsa lamba na waje.Za a iya raba jirgin ruwa na cikin gida zuwa matakan matsi guda hudu bisa ga matsi na ƙira (p), waɗanda aka raba kamar haka:
Ƙananan matsa lamba (lambar L) akwati 0.1MPa≤p<1.6MPa;
Matsakaicin matsa lamba (lambar M) akwati 1.6MPa≤p<10.0MPa;
Babban matsin lamba (code H) akwati 10MPa≤p<100MPa;
Babban matsa lamba (lambar U) akwati p≥100MPa.
A cikin kwandon matsa lamba na waje, lokacin da matsi na ciki na kwandon bai kai cikakkiyar matsi na yanayi ba (kimanin 0.1MPa), ana kuma kiransa akwati mai lalata.
(2) Rarraba bisa ga rawar kwantena a cikin samarwa
Dangane da aikin matsin lamba a cikin tsarin samarwa, ana iya rarrabu zuwa nau'ikan samarwa, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'ikan ruwa guda huɗu: musayar jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa, jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa mai matsin lamba da jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa.Takamammen rabon shine kamar haka.
①Reaction matsa lamba jirgin ruwa (lambar R) aka yafi amfani don kammala jiki da kuma sinadaran dauki na matsakaici, kamar reactor, dauki kettle, polymerization kettle, autoclave, kira hasumiya, autoclave, gas janareta, da dai sauransu.
②Jirgin ruwan zafi (lambar E) ana amfani da shi ne musamman don kammala matsakaicin matsakaicin jirgin ruwa.Irin su harsashi da bututun zafi mai zafi, masu musanya zafi, masu sanyaya, na'urar sanyaya ruwa, masu fitar da iska, dumama, da sauransu.
③Jirgin ruwa matsa lamba (lambar S) ana amfani dashi galibi don kammala ma'aunin ma'auni na matsakaicin ruwa da tsarkakewar iskar gas da rabuwa.Kamar masu raba, tacewa, masu tara mai, buffers, bushewa hasumiya, da sauransu.
④Jirgin ruwa matsa lamba (lambar C, wanda ke da lambar tanki B) galibi ana amfani dashi don adanawa da ɗauke da iskar gas, ruwa, ruwa.
Tasoshin matsin lamba don iskar gas da sauran kafofin watsa labarai.Kamar tankunan ajiyar ruwa na ammonia, tankunan ajiyar iskar gas mai ruwa, da sauransu.
A cikin jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba, idan akwai ka'idodin tsari guda biyu ko fiye a lokaci guda, ya kamata a raba nau'in bisa ga babban matsayi a cikin tsari.
(3) Rarraba ta hanyar shigarwa
Bisa ga hanyar shigarwa, ana iya raba shi zuwa ƙayyadaddun tasoshin matsa lamba da tasoshin motsi na hannu.
①Kafaffen jirgin ruwa yana nufin jirgin ruwa mai tsauri tare da kafaffen shigarwa da wurin amfani, da ingantattun yanayin tsari da masu aiki.Kamar tankunan ajiya na kwance, tankuna masu sassauƙa, hasumiyai, reactor, da sauransu a cikin taron samar da kayayyaki.
②Jirgin ruwan matsi na hannu yana nufin kayan jigilar da suka ƙunshi tankuna ko manyan silinda na iskar gas da kayan tafiya ko firam ɗin da ke da alaƙa na dindindin, gami da motocin tankin jirgin ƙasa, motocin tankin mota, tirelolin bututu mai tsayi, kwantenan tanki, da kwantena-tubu.Tasoshin matsa lamba na wayar hannu suna buƙatar yin la'akari da ƙarfin rashin ƙarfi da raguwar ruwa yayin sufuri, don haka suna da buƙatu na musamman dangane da tsari, amfani da aminci.
Jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba wanda ke da aikin lodawa da saukarwa, ana amfani dashi kawai a cikin na'ura ko filin, kuma baya shiga cikin layin dogo, hanya ko jigilar ruwa ba jirgin ruwa bane.
(4) Rarraba ta hanyar sarrafa fasahar aminci
Hanyoyi rarrabuwa da yawa da aka ambata a sama kawai suna yin la'akari da takamaiman ma'aunin ƙira ko amfani da yanayin matsi, kuma ba za su iya nuna cikakkiyar matakin haɗarin da jirgin ya fuskanta ba.Misali, jirgin ruwan da ke ajiye wuta ko matsakaici mai guba ko kuma mafi hatsarin kafofin watsa labarai ya fi hatsari fiye da matsi mai girman geometric iri ɗaya wanda ke adana kafofin watsa labarai masu sauƙi ko mara ƙonewa.
Har ila yau, haɗarin jirgin ruwa na matsa lamba yana da alaƙa da samfurin ƙirar ƙirarsa p da cikakken ƙarar V. Girman ƙimar pV, mafi girma fashewar makamashi kuma mafi girma hadarin lokacin da jirgin ya rushe.Zane, ƙera, dubawa, amfani da sarrafa jirgin ruwa mafi girman buƙatun.
A saboda wannan dalili, la'akari da dalilai kamar matsa lamba na ƙira, ƙara, matsakaicin haɗari, rawar da jirgin ruwa ke takawa a samarwa, ƙarfin kayan aiki, tsarin jirgin ruwa da sauran dalilai, "Dokokin Kula da Tsaro na Tsaron Jirgin Ruwa" yana rarraba tasoshin matsa lamba a cikin iyakokin da suka dace zuwa cikin abin da ya dace. kashi uku.Wato nau'in jirgin ruwa na farko, nau'in jirgin ruwa na biyu da nau'in matsi na uku.
A cikin tsarin amfani, an gano cewa mayar da hankali ga wannan hanyar rarrabawa ba ta da mahimmanci.Don tasoshin matsa lamba masu yawa, yana da wuya a ƙayyade wane aiki ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samarwa, wanda ke haifar da sauƙin ra'ayi mara daidaituwa lokacin rarrabawa.A lokaci guda, tare da ci gaban kimiyyar kayan aiki da fasaha na masana'antu, ƙarfin kayan aiki, tsarin kwantena, da dai sauransu ba su kasance manyan abubuwan da ke shafar matakin haɗarin kwantena ba.
Bisa la'akari da matsalolin da aka ambata a sama, don yin rarrabuwa mai sauƙi da na musamman, "Ka'idodin Kula da Fasahar Tsabtace Tsabtace Jirgin Ruwa" na kasar Sin ya rarraba tasoshin matsin lamba bisa dalilai uku, kamar matsakaici, matsa lamba da ƙira, da kuma rarraba tasoshin matsa lamba a cikin tekun. iyawar da za a iya amfani da ita a cikin Rukunin I. Don tasoshin matsa lamba, tasoshin matsa lamba na Class II da tasoshin matsa lamba na Class III, yanzu an gabatar da hanyoyin rarrabawa.
①Rukuni na matsakaici Matsakaicin jirgin ruwan iskar gas, iskar gas, da ruwa wanda mafi girman zafin aiki ya fi ko daidai da ma'aunin tafasar sa, kuma an kasu kashi biyu bisa gwargwadon girman guba da hadarin fashewa.
ⅰ.Rukunin kafofin watsa labarai na farko: kafofin watsa labarai na sinadarai, hanyoyin fashewar abubuwa, da iskar gas waɗanda darajar haɗarinsu ke da matuƙar haɗari da haɗari.
ii.Saiti na biyu na kafofin watsa labarai: kafofin watsa labarai ban da saitin kafofin watsa labarai na farko.
Matsayin haɗari mai guba da matakin haɗarin fashewa na matsakaici an ƙaddara bisa ga ma'auni biyu na GBZ230 "Rarraba Degree Hazard na Bayyanar Ma'aikata ga Guba" da HG20660 "Rarraba haɗarin haɗari da fashewar haɗari na Matsakaicin sinadarai a cikin Jirgin Ruwa". ".Lokacin da su biyun ba su daidaita ba, wanda ke da mafi girman matakin haɗari (mai haɗari) zai yi nasara.
②Rarraba tasoshin matsa lamba Rarraba jiragen ruwa yakamata ya fara zaɓar zane mai dacewa daidai da halayen matsakaici, sannan
Auna matsa lamba p (naúrar MPa) da ƙarar V (raka'a m3), yi alama maki masu daidaitawa, kuma ƙayyade nau'in akwati.
i.Don rukunin farko na kafofin watsa labaru, ana nuna rarrabuwa na tasoshin matsa lamba a cikin Hoto 1-2.
Lokacin da wurin daidaitawa yana kan layin rarrabuwa na Hoto 1-2 ko Hoto 1-3, an rarraba shi bisa ga babban nau'i;ƙarar ba ta da ƙasa da 25L ko diamita na ciki (don sassan da ba na madauwari ba, yana nufin faɗin, tsayi ko layin diagonal, kamar rectangle shine Tasoshin matsa lamba ƙananan ƙarami tare da layin diagonal da ellipse a matsayin babban axis) kasa da 150 mm an rarraba su azaman tasoshin matsa lamba na Class I;kafofin watsa labaru da ba a kayyade ba a cikin ma'auni guda biyu GBZ230 da HG20660 za a yi la'akari da su bisa ga kaddarorin sinadarai, matakin haɗari da abun ciki , Ƙungiyar matsakaici ta ƙaddara ta hanyar ƙirar ƙirar jirgin ruwa.
Saboda bambance-bambancen manufofin tattalin arziki, manufofin fasaha, sansanonin masana'antu da tsarin gudanarwa na kasashe daban-daban, hanyoyin rarraba jiragen ruwa ma sun bambanta da juna.Lokacin zayyana tasoshin matsin lamba ta amfani da ma'auni na ƙasa da ƙasa ko ƙa'idodin ƙasashen waje na ci gaba, ya kamata a ɗauki hanyoyin rarrabuwa daidai.
Misali, EU 97/23/EC "Uwararrun Kayan Aikin Matsawa" gabaɗaya yana ƙayyadaddun haɗarin kayan aikin matsa lamba bisa ga dalilai kamar matsi na aiki da aka halatta, matsa lamba tururi a matsakaicin zafin aiki da aka yarda, matsakaicin haɗari, girma na geometric ko girman ƙima, da amfani.An raba kayan aiki masu ɗaukar matsa lamba zuwa sassa huɗu: I, II, III, da IV, kuma an ba da abubuwan da suka dace, ƙira, ƙira da buƙatun dubawa.
Wani misali kuma shi ne JISB8270 na Japan “Tsarin Jirgin Ruwa (Basic Standard)” da aka yi shela a cikin 1993, wanda ke rarraba tasoshin matsa lamba zuwa maki uku bisa ga matsi na ƙira da haɗarin matsakaici: nau'in jirgin ruwa na uku yana da mafi ƙarancin daraja, kuma ikon yinsa. na aikace-aikace shine cewa ƙirar ƙira bai ƙasa da 0 ba℃, Tsarin ƙira ya kasance ƙasa da 1MPa;ƙirar ƙira na nau'in nau'in matsi na biyu bai wuce 30MPa ba;kuma ƙirar ƙira ta nau'in matsi na farko ya kamata gabaɗaya ya zama ƙasa da 100MPa.Koyaya, idan akwai buƙatu na musamman don kayan, masana'anta, dubawa, da sauransu, ana iya rarraba tasoshin matsa lamba tare da matsa lamba mafi girma fiye da 100MPa a cikin rukunin farko na tasoshin.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-19-2022