Cov hlab ntsha siab muaj ntau yam kev siv, ntau tus lej thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab qib kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev sib tsoo sib txawv.Lub degree ntawm kev phom sij yog cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam, xws li kev tsim siab, tsim qhov kub thiab txias, qhov teeb meem nruab nrab, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, kev siv lub sijhawm thiab kev teeb tsa.Qhov kev phom sij ntau dua, qhov siab dua qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov khoom siv lub nkoj siab, tsim, tsim khoom, tshuaj xyuas, siv thiab tswj.Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum muaj kev faib cov hlab ntsha uas tsim nyog.
1. Media txaus ntshai
Qhov kev phom sij ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog hais txog toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness, oxidation, thiab lwm yam ntawm nruab nrab, ntawm cov toxicity thiab flammability yog lub ntsiab yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab.
(1) Toxicity
Toxicity yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj, thiab siv los qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg.Qhov loj ntawm toxicity yog feem ntau qhia nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov koob tshuaj yuav tsum tau rau ib tug tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj sim.Gaseous lom, qhia raws li qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.Qhov qis dua qhov concentration ntawm qhov xav tau koob tshuaj, qhov ntau dua qhov toxicity.
Thaum tsim cov hlab ntsha siab, raws li qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai rau cov tshuaj lom neeg tshaj tawm, Tuam Tshoj faib cov tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj kev phom sij heev (Ⅰ
Muaj plaub theem: siab txaus ntshai (qibⅡ), moderate hazard (levelⅢ), thiab mob me me (qibⅣ).Qhov kev tso cai siab tshaj plaws yog hais txog qhov siab tshaj plaws uas pom tau tias tsis muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm qib kev kho mob, qhia hauv milligrams ntawm cov tshuaj lom ib lub cubic meter ntawm huab cua, thiab chav tsev yog mg / m3.Cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm dav dav yog:
Muaj kev phom sij heev (Class I) qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai huab hwm coj concentration <0.1mg/m3;
Kev phom sij heev (Class II) qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai huab hwm coj concentration 0.1 ~ <1.0mg / m3;
Kev phom sij nruab nrab (qib III) qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai huab hwm coj concentration 1.0 ~ <10mg / m3;
Kev phom sij me me (qib IV) Qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai rau huab hwm coj ntau yog≥10 mg/m3.
Qhov siab dua qhov toxicity ntawm qhov nruab nrab, qhov teeb meem loj dua los ntawm kev tawg lossis tawg ntawm lub nkoj siab, thiab qhov siab dua qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov khoom siv xaiv, tsim khoom, tshuaj xyuas thiab tswj.Piv txwv li, Q235-B steel daim hlau yuav tsum tsis txhob siv los tsim cov hlab ntsha siab nrog cov xov xwm uas muaj kev phom sij heev lossis muaj kev phom sij heev;Thaum tsim cov ntim khoom uas muaj cov xov xwm tsis tshua muaj siab lossis muaj kev phom sij heev, cov pa roj carbon steel thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau yuav tsum raug kuaj ultrasonic ib los ntawm ib qho, thiab tag nrho cov kev kho cua sov tom qab vuam yuav tsum tau nqa tawm, thiab chav A thiab B welded pob qij txha ntawm lub thawv yuav tsum tau raug rau 100% rays los yog ultrasonic kuaj, thiab cov huab cua nruj yuav tsum tau nqa tawm tom qab lub hydraulic xeem yog tsim nyog.
Cov kev cai rau kev tsim cov ntim khoom nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg nruab nrab lossis me me yog qis dua.Qib ntawm toxicity muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev xaiv ntawm flanges, uas yog feem ntau cuam tshuam txog qib siab ntawm lub flange.Yog hais tias qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab yog tshuaj lom, lub nominal siab ntawm cov yeeb nkab flange xaiv yuav tsum tsis txhob tsawg tshaj li 1.0MPa;Qhov nruab nrab sab hauv yog siab lossis muaj kev phom sij heev, qhov siab ntawm cov yeeb nkab flange xaiv yuav tsum tsis txhob tsawg dua 1.6MPa, thiab lub pob tw vuam flange nrog caj dab yuav tsum tau siv ntau li ntau tau.
(2) Flammability
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj los yog vapor thiab huab cua tsis yog combustible lossis explosive nyob rau hauv ib qho kev faib ua feem, tab sis muaj ib tug nruj quantitative proportions thiab kev hloov pauv vim muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob.Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj combustible nyob rau hauv cov sib tov ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm combustion tiav, cov combustion cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov phem tshaj plaws.Yog tias nws cov ntsiab lus txo qis lossis nce ntxiv, cov nplaim hluav taws kub ceev yuav txo qis, thiab thaum cov concentration qis dua lossis siab dua li qee qhov kev txwv, nws yuav tsis hlawv thiab tawg.Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj los yog vapor thiab huab cua yuav tawg tam sim ntawd thaum ntsib qhov hluav taws kub lossis qee lub zog tawg yog hu ua qhov tawg concentration txwv, qhov qis tshaj qhov concentration thaum lub sij hawm tawg yog hu ua qhov txo qis, thiab qhov siab tshaj concentration yog hu ua lub siab tawg txwv.
Qhov kev txwv tawg feem ntau yog qhia los ntawm qhov ntim feem ntawm cov pa taws los yog vapor hauv qhov sib tov.Qhov nruab nrab nrog qhov kev tawg qis qis qis dua 10%, lossis qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev txwv siab tawg thiab qhov qis qis yog ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 20%, feem ntau hu ua cov xov xwm hluav taws xob, xws li methane, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen, propane, butane, thiab lwm yam. Flammable media muaj xws li cov pa roj carbon monoxide, kua thiab cov khib nyiab.Qhov nruab nrab flammable muaj nyob rau hauv lub nkoj siab feem ntau yog hais txog cov pa taws thiab cov roj liquefied.
Flammable media muab cov kev xav tau siab dua ntawm kev xaiv, tsim, tsim khoom thiab tswj cov hlab ntsha siab.Tag nrho cov welds (xws li fillet welds) ntawm flammable nruab nrab siab hlab ntsha yuav tsum tau txais ib tug tag nrho cov qauv nkag, thiab lwm yam.
2. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab
Ntau lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau cov hlab ntsha siab.Tshooj lus no tsom mus rau cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm hauv Suav teb "Stationary Pressure Vessel Safety Technical Supervision Regulations".
(1) Kev faib tawm los ntawm qib siab
Raws li hom kev siab, cov hlab ntsha siab tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov hlab ntsha hauv siab thiab cov hlab ntsha sab nraud.Lub nkoj siab sab hauv tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub theem raws li kev tsim siab (p), uas tau muab faib ua raws li hauv qab no:
Tsis tshua muaj siab (code L) thawv 0.1MPa≤p <1.6MPa;
Nruab nrab siab (code M) thawv 1.6MPa≤p <10.0MPa;
Kev kub siab (code H) thawv 10MPa≤p <100MPa;
Ultra-siab siab (code U) thawv p≥100 MPa.
Nyob rau hauv lub thawv sab nraud, thaum lub siab sab hauv ntawm lub thawv yog tsawg dua qhov siab atmospheric siab (li 0.1MPa), nws tseem hu ua lub thawv nqus tsev.
(2) Kev faib tawm raws li lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov ntim khoom hauv kev tsim khoom
Raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub hom: cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siab ntawm cov hlab ntsha, cov hlab ntsha hloov pauv kub, cov hlab ntsha sib cais thiab cov hlab ntsha siab.Qhov kev faib tshwj xeeb yog raws li hauv qab no.
①Reaction siab hlab ntsha (code R) yog siv los ua kom tiav lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nruab nrab, xws li reactor, tshuaj tiv thaiv kettle, polymerization kettle, autoclave, synthesis ntauwd, autoclave, roj generator, thiab lwm yam.
②Thaum tshav kub kub exchanger siab hlab ntsha (code E) yog tsuas yog siv los ua kom tiav lub nruab nrab kub exchanger siab hlab ntsha.Xws li lub plhaub thiab lub raj khib nyiab cua sov boilers, cua sov exchangers, coolers, condensers, evaporators, heaters, thiab lwm yam.
③Separation siab hlab ntsha (code S) feem ntau yog siv los ua kom tiav qhov sib npaug siab tsis txaus ntawm cov kua nruab nrab thiab roj purification thiab sib cais.Xws li cov khoom sib cais, cov lim dej, cov khoom siv roj, cov buffers, cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws, thiab lwm yam.
④Kev cia siab ntawm lub nkoj (code C, uas yog lub cev kheej kheej lub tank code B) feem ntau yog siv rau khaws cia thiab muaj roj, kua, kua
Cov hlab ntsha siab rau cov pa roj thiab lwm yam xov xwm.Xws li kua ammonia cia tanks, liquefied petroleum gas cia tanks, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau hauv lub nkoj siab, yog tias muaj ob lossis ntau txoj hauv kev hauv tib lub sijhawm, ntau yam yuav tsum tau muab faib raws li lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem.
(3) Kev faib tawm los ntawm txoj kev teeb tsa
Raws li txoj kev teeb tsa, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov hlab ntsha ruaj khov thiab cov hlab ntsha siab.
①Tsau siab lub nkoj yog hais txog lub nkoj siab nrog kev txhim kho thiab siv qhov chaw, thiab cov txheej txheem ruaj khov thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm.Xws li kab rov tav cia tank, kheej kheej tso tsheb hlau luam, yees, reactors, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub rhiav ntau lawm.
②Lub nkoj siab ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes yog hais txog cov khoom siv thauj khoom uas tsim los ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam lossis cov roj ntim loj thiab cov khoom siv mus ncig lossis cov thav ntawv uas txuas mus tas li, suav nrog cov tsheb ciav hlau tsheb, tsheb tank tsheb, cov yeeb nkab ntev ntev, cov thawv ntim khoom, thiab cov thawv ntim cov thawv.Mobile siab hlab ntsha yuav tsum xav txog inertial quab yuam thiab kua sloshing thaum lub sij hawm thauj mus los, yog li ntawd lawv muaj tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv, siv thiab kev nyab xeeb.
Lub nkoj siab uas muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab thauj khoom nruab nrab, tsuas yog siv hauv cov cuab yeej lossis thaj chaw, thiab tsis koom nrog hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau, kev tsheb thauj mus los lossis dej tsis yog lub nkoj loj.
(4) Kev faib tawm los ntawm kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb
Ob peb txoj kev faib tawm uas tau hais los saum toj no tsuas yog xav txog qee qhov kev tsim qauv lossis siv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub nkoj siab, thiab tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog tag nrho cov kev phom sij ntawm lub nkoj siab.Piv txwv li, lub nkoj siab uas khaws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg lossis cov xov xwm muaj kev phom sij ntau dua yog qhov muaj kev phom sij ntau dua li lub nkoj siab ntawm tib qhov loj me uas khaws cov xov xwm me me lossis tsis muaj hluav taws xob.
Kev phom sij ntawm lub nkoj siab kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntawm nws cov qauv tsim siab p thiab qhov ntim puv V. Qhov loj dua tus nqi pV, qhov ntau dua qhov tawg ntawm lub zog thiab qhov phom sij ntau dua thaum lub nkoj tawg.Kev tsim, tsim khoom, tshuaj xyuas, siv thiab tswj lub nkoj ntau dua qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Vim li no, xav txog yam xws li kev tsim lub siab, ntim, qhov nruab nrab muaj kev phom sij, lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub nkoj hauv kev tsim khoom, lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv, cov qauv ntawm lub nkoj thiab lwm yam, "Pressure Vessel Safety Technical Supervision Regulations" tau faib cov hlab ntsha siab nyob rau hauv qhov muaj feem xyuam rau. peb pawg.Ntawd yog, thawj hom ntawm lub nkoj siab, hom thib ob ntawm lub nkoj siab thiab thib peb ntawm lub nkoj siab.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev siv, nws tau pom tias lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev faib tawm no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb.Rau ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov hlab ntsha, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov kev ua haujlwm uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom, uas yooj yim ua rau muaj kev xav tsis sib xws thaum muab faib.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm cov khoom siv science thiab kev tsim technology, cov khoom siv lub zog, lub thawv ntim, thiab lwm yam tsis yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau theem kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov ntim khoom.
Raws li cov teeb meem saum toj no, txhawm rau ua kom cov kev faib tawm yooj yim thiab tshwj xeeb, Tuam Tshoj "Stationary Pressure Vessel Safety Technology Supervision Regulations" faib cov hlab ntsha siab raws li peb yam, xws li nruab nrab, tsim siab thiab ntim, thiab faib cov hlab ntsha hauv siab. Muaj feem xyuam rau hauv Qeb I. Rau cov hlab ntsha siab, Chav Kawm II siab hlab ntsha thiab Class III siab hlab ntsha, cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm tam sim no tau qhia.
①Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm nruab nrab Lub nruab nrab ntawm lub nkoj siab yog cov pa roj, cov roj liquefied, thiab cov kua dej uas nws qhov siab tshaj plaws ua haujlwm kub siab tshaj lossis sib npaug rau nws cov qauv kub kub, thiab muab faib ua ob pawg raws li qib ntawm toxicity thiab explosion txaus ntshai.
ⅰ.Thawj pab pawg neeg tshaj tawm: tshuaj lom neeg xov xwm, xov xwm tawg, thiab cov kua roj liquefied uas nws muaj kev phom sij txaus ntshai heev thiab muaj kev phom sij heev.
ii.Cov txheej txheem thib ob: xov xwm tshaj tawm tsis yog thawj txheej xov xwm.
Cov qib kev phom sij toxicity thiab tawg txaus ntshai ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog txiav txim siab raws li ob tus qauv ntawm GBZ230 "Kev faib tawm ntawm Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Raug Tshuaj lom" thiab HG20660 "Kev faib tawm ntawm Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai thiab Kev Txhaum Txhaum Cai Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Cov Tshuaj Siv Tshuaj Vuam hauv ”.Thaum ob qhov tsis sib xws, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev phom sij (kev phom sij) yuav yeej.
②Kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab Kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab yuav tsum xub xaiv cov qauv kev faib tawm raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov nruab nrab, thiab tom qab ntawd
Ntsuas lub siab p (unit MPa) thiab ntim V (unit m3), kos cov ntsiab lus sib koom tes, thiab txiav txim siab lub thawv ntim.
i.Rau thawj pab pawg neeg tshaj tawm, kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab yog qhia hauv daim duab 1-2.
Thaum qhov chaw sib koom tes nyob rau ntawm kab kev faib tawm ntawm daim duab 1-2 lossis daim duab 1-3, nws raug cais raws li qeb siab dua;lub ntim yog tsawg dua 25L los yog lub puab txoj kab uas hla (rau cov uas tsis yog-lub voj voog seem, nws yog hais txog qhov dav, qhov siab los yog kab pheeb ces kaum, xws li cov duab plaub yog me me-ntim siab hlab ntsha nrog ib tug kab pheeb ces kaum thiab ib tug ellipse raws li lub loj axis) tsawg dua 150 mm yog cais raws li Class I siab hlab ntsha;cov xov xwm tsis tau teev nyob rau hauv ob tus qauv GBZ230 thiab HG20660 yuav tsum tau muab xam raws li lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, qib ntawm kev phom sij thiab cov ntsiab lus, Cov pab pawg nruab nrab yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub siab lub nkoj tsim chav tsev.
Vim qhov sib txawv ntawm kev lag luam, kev cai lij choj, kev lag luam hauv paus thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab kuj sib txawv.Thaum tsim cov hlab ntsha siab siv cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb lossis cov qauv txawv teb chaws siab heev, cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm yuav tsum raug coj los siv.
Piv txwv li, EU 97/23 / EC "Pressure Equipment Directive" ua tiav txiav txim siab txog kev phom sij ntawm cov cuab yeej siv siab raws li yam xws li kev tso cai ua haujlwm siab, vapor siab ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws kev ua haujlwm kub, qhov nruab nrab txaus ntshai, ntim geometric lossis nominal loj, thiab siv.Cov cuab yeej siv siab-cov kabmob tau muab faib ua plaub pawg: I, II, III, thiab IV, thiab cov khoom siv sib xws, tsim, tsim khoom thiab tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum tau muab.
Lwm qhov piv txwv yog Nyiv JISB8270 "Pressure Vessel (Basic Standard)" tshaj tawm hauv xyoo 1993, uas faib cov hlab ntsha siab mus rau peb qib raws li kev tsim siab thiab kev phom sij ntawm qhov nruab nrab: hom thib peb ntawm lub nkoj siab muaj qib qis tshaj plaws, thiab cov peev txheej. ntawm daim ntawv thov yog tias qhov ntsuas kub tsim tsis qis dua 0℃, lub siab tsim yog tsawg dua 1MPa;lub siab tsim ntawm hom thib ob ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab yog tsawg dua 30MPa;thiab tus tsim lub siab ntawm thawj hom ntawm lub nkoj siab yuav tsum feem ntau tsawg dua 100MPa.Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv, kev tsim khoom, kev tshuaj xyuas, thiab lwm yam, cov hlab ntsha siab nrog lub siab tsim siab tshaj 100MPa kuj tuaj yeem muab faib ua thawj pawg ntawm cov hlab ntsha.
Post lub sij hawm: Sep-19-2022