Zombo zopanikizika zimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri, chiwerengero chachikulu ndi zovuta zogwirira ntchito, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ngozi kumasiyana.Kuchuluka kwa ngozi kumakhudzana ndi zinthu zambiri, monga kuthamanga kwa mapangidwe, kutentha kwapangidwe, chiwopsezo chapakatikati, zida zamakina, nthawi zogwiritsira ntchito ndi njira zoyika.Ngoziyo ikakwera, ndipamene zimafunikira zida zotengera zotengera zokakamiza, kupanga, kupanga, kuyang'anira, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kasamalidwe.Choncho, gulu loyenera la zotengera zopanikizika likufunika.
1. Zowopsa zapa media
Kuopsa kwa sing'anga kumatanthauza kawopsedwe, kuyaka, corrosiveness, oxidation, etc. wa sing'anga, pakati pa kawopsedwe ndi kuyaka ndi zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza gulu la zotengera kuthamanga.
(1) Poizoni
Poizoni imatanthawuza kutha kwa poizoni wamankhwala kuwononga thupi, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa mlingo wapoyiyo ndi yankho lapoizoni.Kukula kwa kawopsedwe kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyezedwa malinga ndi mlingo wofunikira kuti mankhwala apangitse chiwopsezo cha nyama zoyesera.Poizoni wa mpweya, wofotokozedwa ngati ndende ya zinthu mu mlengalenga.M'munsi ndende ya chofunika mlingo, ndi wamkulu kawopsedwe.
Popanga zombo zokakamiza, malinga ndi kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa media media, China imayika ma media media kukhala owopsa kwambiri (Ⅰ
Pali magawo anayi: ngozi yayikulu (levelⅡ), ngozi yapakati (levelⅢ), ndi ngozi yofatsa (levelⅣ).Zomwe zimatchedwa kuti ndende yovomerezeka kwambiri imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwapamwamba kwambiri komwe kumawonedwa kuti sikungawononge thupi la munthu kuchokera pamlingo wachipatala, wofotokozedwa mu milligrams ya zinthu zapoizoni pa kiyubiki mita ya mpweya, ndipo unit ndi mg/m3.Magulu onse ndi awa:
Zowopsa kwambiri (Kalasi I) pazipita zovomerezeka misa ndende <0.1mg/m3;
Zowopsa kwambiri (Kalasi II) pazipita zovomerezeka misa ndende 0.1 ~ <1.0mg/m3;
Zowopsa zolimbitsa thupi (kalasi III) pazipita zovomerezeka misa ndende 1.0 ~ <10mg/m3;
Mild Hazard (giredi IV) Kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa misala ndi≥10mg/m3.
Kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ka sing'anga, kumapangitsanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kuphulika kapena kutayikira kwa chotengera choponderezedwa, komanso kukulitsa zofunika pakusankha, kupanga, kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira zinthu.Mwachitsanzo, mbale zachitsulo za Q235-B sizigwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zombo zopondereza zokhala ndi zida zowopsa kwambiri kapena zowopsa kwambiri;pamene kupanga muli munali kwambiri kapena woopsa kwambiri TV, mpweya zitsulo ndi otsika aloyi mbale zitsulo adzakhala pansi akupanga kuyezetsa mmodzimmodzi, ndi wonse Post-kuwotcherera kutentha mankhwala ayenera kuchitidwa, ndi M'kalasi A ndi B welded mfundo pa chidebecho chiyeneranso kuyesedwa ndi 100% ray kapena ultrasonic test, ndipo kuyesa kwa mpweya kumayenera kuchitidwa pambuyo poyesa hydraulic.
Zofunikira popanga zida zokhala ndi kawopsedwe wapakatikati kapena wofatsa ndizotsika kwambiri.Mlingo wa kawopsedwe umakhudza kwambiri kusankha kwa ma flanges, omwe amawonekera makamaka mulingo wapadziko lonse wa flange.Ngati sing'anga mkati ndi amtengo poizoni, kuthamanga mwadzina wa osankhidwa chitoliro flange sayenera kuchepera 1.0MPa;Sing'anga yamkati ndi yokwera kwambiri kapena yowopsa kwambiri, kukakamiza mwadzina kwa chitoliro chosankhidwa sikuyenera kukhala kochepera 1.6MPa, komanso kuwotcherera matako ndi khosi kuyeneranso kugwiritsidwa ntchito momwe mungathere.
(2) Kuyaka moto
Chisakanizo cha mpweya woyaka kapena nthunzi ndi mpweya sizingapse kapena kuphulika mwanjira iliyonse, koma zimakhala ndi gawo lokhazikika komanso zosintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu.Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti zomwe zili mugasi woyaka muzosakaniza zimakumana ndi kuyaka kwathunthu, zomwe zimayaka zimakhala zachiwawa kwambiri.Ngati zomwe zili mkati mwake zimachepetsa kapena kuwonjezeka, kuthamanga kwa moto kumachepa, ndipo pamene ndende imakhala yotsika kapena yoposa mtengo wina wa malire, sichidzawotcha ndi kuphulika.Mtundu wosakanikirana womwe chisakanizo cha mpweya woyaka kapena nthunzi ndi mpweya zimaphulika nthawi yomweyo mukakumana ndi gwero lamoto kapena mphamvu inayake yophulitsa imatchedwa malire a kuphulika, ndende yotsika kwambiri panthawi ya kuphulika imatchedwa malire apansi a kuphulika, ndipo ndende yapamwamba kwambiri imatchedwa malire a kuphulika kwapamwamba.
Malire a kuphulika nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa gasi woyaka kapena nthunzi mu kusakaniza.Sing'anga yokhala ndi malire apansi ophulika osakwana 10%, kapena kusiyana pakati pa malire akuphulika ndi malire apansi ndi akulu kuposa kapena ofanana ndi 20%, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa media yoyaka moto, monga methane, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen, propane, butane, etc. Zinthu zoyaka moto zimaphatikizapo mpweya woyaka, zakumwa ndi zolimba.Sing'anga yoyaka yomwe ili m'chotengera chokakamiza makamaka imatanthawuza mpweya woyaka ndi mpweya wamadzimadzi.
Makanema oyaka amaika patsogolo zofunikira pakusankha, kupanga, kupanga ndi kasamalidwe ka zombo zokakamiza.Ma welds onse (kuphatikiza ma welds a fillet) a ziwiya zoyatsira zoyaka moto azitengera mawonekedwe olowera, ndi zina zambiri.
2. Gulu la zotengera zokakamiza
Mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogawira zombo zokakamiza.Gawoli likuyang'ana kwambiri za njira zamagulu mu "Stationary Pressure Vessel Safety Technical Supervision Regulations" yaku China.
(1) Kugawikana ndi msinkhu wa kupanikizika
Malinga ndi mtundu wa kupanikizika, zotengera zokakamiza zimatha kugawidwa m'mitsinje yamkati ndi zotengera zakunja.Chotengera chamkati chamkati chikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi okakamiza molingana ndi kukakamiza kwa mapangidwe (p), omwe amagawidwa motere:
Kuthamanga kochepa (code L) chidebe 0.1MPa≤p<1.6MPa;
Kupanikizika kwapakatikati (code M) chidebe 1.6MPa≤p<10.0MPa;
Kuthamanga kwambiri (code H) chidebe 10MPa≤p<100MPa;
Chidebe chokwera kwambiri (code U) p≥100MPa.
Mu chidebe choponderezedwa chakunja, mphamvu yamkati ya chidebeyo ikatsika kwambiri (pafupifupi 0.1MPa), imatchedwanso vacuum container.
(2) Gulu molingana ndi udindo wa zotengera popanga
Malinga ndi ntchito ya chotengera chopondera popanga, chikhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu inayi: chotengera chotengera chotengera, chotengera chotengera kutentha, chotengera chopatsirana komanso chotengera chosungira.Kugawanika kwapadera kuli motere.
①Zotengera kuthamanga chotengera (code R) makamaka ntchito kumaliza thupi ndi mankhwala anachita sing'anga, monga riyakitala, ketulo anachita, polymerization ketulo, autoclave, synthesis nsanja, autoclave, jenereta mpweya, etc.
②Chotengera chosinthira kutentha (code E) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumaliza chotengera chotengera kutentha kwapakatikati.Monga zipolopolo ndi chubu zinyalala kutentha boilers, exchanger kutentha, coolers, condensers, evaporators, heaters, etc.
③Separation pressure chotengera (code S) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumalizitsa kupanikizika kwapakati pamadzi apakati ndi kuyeretsa gasi ndi kupatukana.Monga olekanitsa, zosefera, otolera mafuta, ma buffers, zowumitsa nsanja, etc.
④Chotengera chosungira (code C, momwe thanki yozungulira nambala B) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posungira komanso kukhala ndi mpweya, madzi, madzi.
Zotengera zokakamiza za gasi ndi media zina.Monga akasinja osungira ammonia amadzimadzi, akasinja osungira mafuta amafuta amafuta, etc.
Mu chotengera chokakamiza, ngati pali mfundo ziwiri kapena zingapo nthawi imodzi, mitunduyo iyenera kugawidwa molingana ndi gawo lalikulu pakuchitapo kanthu.
(3) Gulu mwa njira yoyika
Malinga ndi njira yokhazikitsira, imatha kugawidwa m'ziwiya zolimba zokhazikika komanso zotengera zotengera mafoni.
①Chotengera chosasunthika chimatanthawuza chotengera choponderezedwa chokhala ndi malo osakhazikika ndikugwiritsa ntchito, komanso momwe zinthu ziliri komanso oyendetsa.Monga akasinja yopingasa yosungirako, akasinja ozungulira, nsanja, reactors, etc. mu msonkhano kupanga.
②Chombo chothamanga cham'manja chimatanthawuza zida zonyamulira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi akasinja kapena masilinda amafuta akulu ndi zida zoyendera kapena mafelemu omwe amalumikizidwa kwamuyaya, kuphatikiza magalimoto akasinja anjanji, matanki agalimoto, ma trailer amapaipi aatali, zotengera matanki, ndi zotengera zamachubu.Zombo zamagalimoto zamagetsi ziyenera kuganizira mphamvu ya inertial komanso kutsika kwamadzi pamayendedwe, chifukwa chake zimakhala ndi zofunikira zapadera pamapangidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito komanso chitetezo.
Chombo choponderezedwa chomwe chili ndi ntchito yonyamula ndi kutulutsa sing'anga, chimangogwiritsidwa ntchito pa chipangizo kapena m'munda, ndipo sichichita nawo njanji, misewu kapena kayendedwe ka madzi sichotengera chokakamiza.
(4) Gulu ndi kasamalidwe kaukadaulo wachitetezo
Njira zingapo zamagulu zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa zimangoganizira za kapangidwe kake kapena mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito chotengera choponderezedwa, ndipo sangathe kuwonetsa bwino lomwe kuchuluka kwa zoopsa zomwe chotengera chokakamiza chimayang'anizana nazo.Mwachitsanzo, chotengera choponderezedwa chomwe chimasunga zoyaka kapena zowopsa pang'ono kapena zowopsa kwambiri ndi chowopsa kuposa chotengera chamtundu womwewo chomwe chimasunga zinthu zowopsa kapena zosayaka.
Kuopsa kwa chotengera choponderezedwa kumagwirizananso ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mapangidwe ake p ndi voliyumu yonse V. Kukula kwa pV mtengo, mphamvu yophulika kwambiri komanso yoopsa kwambiri pamene chotengeracho chimaphulika.Kupanga, kupanga, kuyang'anira, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kasamalidwe kachombocho chofunikira kwambiri.
Pachifukwa ichi, poganizira zinthu monga kupanikizika kwa mapangidwe, voliyumu, ngozi yapakatikati, ntchito ya sitimayo popanga, mphamvu zakuthupi, kapangidwe ka zombo ndi zina, "Pressure Vessel Safety Technical Supervision Regulations" imagawaniza zombo zopanikizika mkati mwa gawo lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito. magulu atatu.Ndiko kuti, mtundu woyamba wa chotengera chopondereza, chachiwiri cha chotengera chopondereza ndi chachitatu chotengera chotengera.
Pogwiritsa ntchito, zikuwoneka kuti cholinga cha njira yogawayi sichiri chodziwika.Kwa ziwiya zokakamiza zamitundu yambiri, zimakhala zovuta kufotokoza kuti ndi ntchito iti yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga, zomwe zimatsogolera mosavuta ku malingaliro osagwirizana pakugawa.Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa zinthu sayansi ndi luso kupanga, mphamvu zakuthupi, chidebe dongosolo, etc. salinso zinthu zazikulu zimakhudza mlingo chiopsezo muli.
Poganizira mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, kuti gululi likhale losavuta komanso lapadera, "Stationary Pressure Vessel Safety Technology Supervision Regulations" yaku China imayika zombo zopanikizika malinga ndi zinthu zitatu, monga sing'anga, kupanikizika kwa mapangidwe ndi voliyumu, ndikuyika zombo zopanikizika mkati mwa kufalikira koyenera mu Gulu I. Kwa zotengera zokakamiza, zotengera zokakamiza za Gulu la II ndi ziwiya zothamangitsa za Gulu la III, njira zamagulu zimayambitsidwa.
①Gulu la sing'anga Sing'anga ya chotengera kuthamanga ndi mpweya, liquefied mpweya, ndi madzi amene pazipita ntchito kutentha ndi apamwamba kuposa kapena ofanana ndi muyezo kuwira mfundo, ndipo anawagawa m'magulu awiri malinga ndi mlingo wa kawopsedwe ndi kuphulika chiwopsezo.
ⅰ.Gulu loyamba la media: media media, media media, media media, ndi mpweya wamadzimadzi omwe digiri yake yachiwopsezo ndi yowopsa komanso yowopsa kwambiri.
ii.Gulu lachiwiri la media: media kupatula gulu loyamba la media.
Digiri ya zoopsa za poizoni ndi kuphulika kwa sing'anga zimatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi miyezo iwiri ya GBZ230 "Classification of Hazard Degree of Occupational Exposure to Poisons" ndi HG20660 "Classification of Toxicity Hazard and Explosion Hazard Degree of Chemical Medium in Pressure Vessels. ”.Pamene ziwirizo sizigwirizana, yemwe ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri (woopsa) adzapambana.
②Kugawika kwa ziwiya zopanikizika Gulu la zotengera zokakamiza liyenera kusankha kaye chithunzi chofananira molingana ndi mawonekedwe apakati, kenako
Yezerani kuthamanga kwa p (unit MPa) ndi voliyumu V (unit m3), chongani polumikizira, ndikuwunika gulu la chidebe.
ndi.Kwa gulu loyamba lazofalitsa, gulu la zotengera zokakamiza likuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1-2.
Pamene mfundo yogwirizanitsa ili pamzere wamagulu a Chithunzi 1-2 kapena Chithunzi 1-3, imayikidwa molingana ndi gulu lapamwamba;voliyumuyo ndi yochepera 25L kapena m'mimba mwake (kwa zigawo zosazungulira, zimatanthawuza m'lifupi, kutalika kapena mzere wa diagonal, monga rectangle ndi Ziwiya zazing'ono zazing'ono zokhala ndi mzere wozungulira ndi ellipse monga olamulira wamkulu) zosakwana 150 mm zimatchedwa Class I pressure zombo;zoulutsira nkhani zomwe sizinatchulidwe mumiyezo iwiri ya GBZ230 ndi HG20660 ziyenera kuganiziridwa mozama molingana ndi katundu wawo wamankhwala, kuchuluka kwa ngozi ndi zomwe zili, Gulu lapakati limatsimikiziridwa ndi gawo lopangira chotengera chokakamiza.
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa ndondomeko zachuma, ndondomeko zaumisiri, maziko a mafakitale ndi machitidwe oyendetsera mayiko osiyanasiyana, njira zamagulu a zotengera zokakamiza zimasiyananso wina ndi mzake.Popanga zombo zokakamiza pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi kapena miyezo yapamwamba yakunja, njira zofananira ziyenera kutsatiridwa.
Mwachitsanzo, EU 97/23/EC “Pressure Equipment Directive” imafotokoza momveka bwino kuopsa kwa zida zokakamiza molingana ndi zinthu monga kuthamanga kovomerezeka, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi pa kutentha kovomerezeka kovomerezeka, ngozi yapakatikati, voliyumu ya geometric kapena kukula kwadzina, ndi ntchito.Zida zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zimagawidwa m'magulu anayi: I, II, III, ndi IV, ndipo zofunikira zogwirizana, mapangidwe, kupanga ndi kuyendera zimaperekedwa.
Chitsanzo china ndi Japan's JISB8270 "Pressure Vessel (Basic Standard)" yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1993, yomwe imagawa zotengera zokakamiza m'magiredi atatu molingana ndi kupanikizika komanso kuopsa kwa sing'anga: mtundu wachitatu wa chotengera chopanikizika uli ndi kalasi yotsika kwambiri, komanso kuchuluka kwake. ntchito ndikuti kutentha kwapangidwe sikutsika kuposa 0℃, kupanikizika kwapangidwe kumakhala kochepa kuposa 1MPa;kukakamizidwa kwa mapangidwe amtundu wachiwiri wa chotengera choponderezedwa ndi chochepera 30MPa;ndi kukakamiza kwa mapangidwe amtundu woyamba wa chotengera choponderezedwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera 100MPa.Komabe, ngati pali zofunikira zapadera pazinthu, kupanga, kuyang'anira, ndi zina zotero, zotengera zoponderezedwa zokhala ndi mphamvu ya mapangidwe apamwamba kuposa 100MPa zingathenso kugawidwa m'gulu loyamba la zombo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-19-2022