Welding yezvinhu zvakakosha, welding yealloy simbi uye welding yezvikamu zvakakora zvese zvinoda preheating before welding.Iwo makuru mabasa e preheating before welding ndeaya anotevera:
(1) Preheating inogona kudzikamisa kutonhora mushure mewelding, izvo zvinobatsira kutiza hydrogen inoputika musimbi yeweld uye inodzivirira kutsemuka kwehydrogen-induced.Panguva imwecheteyo, chiyero chekuomeswa kweweld uye nzvimbo yekupisa-inopisa inoderedzwa, uye kupesana kwekuputika kwejojo yakasungirirwa kunovandudzwa.
(2) Preheating inogona kuderedza welding kusagadzikana.Uniform yemunharaunda preheating kana preheating yakazara inogona kuderedza tembiricha mutsauko (inozivikanwawo setembiricha gradient) pakati pezvishandiso zvinosungirirwa munzvimbo yewelding.Nenzira iyi, kune rumwe rutivi, kushushikana kwewelding kunoderedzwa, uye kune rumwe rutivi, iyo welding strain rate inoderedzwa, izvo zvinobatsira kudzivirira kuputika kwemagetsi.
(3) Preheating inogona kuderedza kudziviswa kwechimiro che welded, kunyanya kudziviswa kwejoint fillet.Nekuwedzera kwekushisa kwekutanga, chiitiko chekuputika chinoderera.
Kusarudzwa kwekushisa kwekupisa uye kupisa kwepakati hakunei chete nemakemikari ekuumbwa kwesimbi uye electrode, asiwo nekuoma kweiyo welded chimiro, welding nzira, ambient tembiricha, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinofanirwa kutariswa mushure mekunyatso funga nezveizvi. zvinhu.
Pamusoro pezvo, kuenzana kwekushisa kwepreheating muhukobvu kutungamira kwesimbi sheet uye kufanana munzvimbo yeweld ine simba rakakosha pakudzikisa kushushikana kwewelding.Iyo yakafara yenzvimbo yekupisa preheating inofanirwa kutsanangurwa maererano nekudziviswa kweiyo workpiece kuti isungirwe.Kazhinji, inofanira kunge yakapetwa katatu rusvingo rwakakomberedza nzvimbo ye weld, uye haifaniri kunge iri pasi pe 150-200 mm.Kana iyo preheating isiri yunifomu, pachinzvimbo chekudzikisa welding kushushikana, iyo inowedzera welding kushushikana.
Pane zvinangwa zvitatu zve post-weld kupisa kurapwa: kubvisa hydrogen, kubvisa welding kusagadzikana, kuvandudza weld chimiro uye kuita kwese.
Post-weld dehydrogenation kurapwa kunoreva kudziya kwepasi-tembiricha kurapwa kunoitwa mushure mekunge welding yapera uye weld isati yatonhodzwa kusvika pasi pe100 °C.Izvo zvakajairika ndezvekupisa kusvika 200 ~ 350 ℃ uye zvichengetedze kwemaawa 2-6.Basa guru re post-weld hydrogen elimination treatment ndere kukurumidza kupukunyuka kwehydrogen munzvimbo ine weld uye inopisa-yakakanganiswa zone, iyo inoshanda zvakanyanya mukudzivirira kutsemuka kwewelding panguva yewelding yepasi-alloy simbi.
Munguva yekugadzira welding, nekuda kwekusafanana kwekupisa uye kutonhora, uye kuzvidzora kana kunze kwekudzivirira kwechikamu chacho pachako, welding stress inogara ichigadzirwa muchikamu mushure mekunge basa rekugadzira rapera.Kuvapo kwekushushikana kwesimbi muchikamu kunoderedza iyo chaiyo inotakura simba reiyo welded joint area, kukonzeresa deformation yepurasitiki, uye kunyange kutungamira mukukuvadzwa kwechikamu mumatambudziko akaomarara.
Stress yekuzorora kupisa kurapwa ndeyekudzikisa goho reiyo welded workpiece pakupisa kwepamusoro kuti uwane chinangwa chekuzorodza kushushikana kwewelding.Kune nzira mbiri dzinowanzo shandiswa: imwe ndiyo yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha, ndiko kuti, iyo weldment yese inoiswa muchoto chekudziya, ichipisa zvishoma nezvishoma kune imwe tembiricha, yozochengetwa kwenguva yakati rebei, uye pakupedzisira yatonhodzwa mumhepo kana. muchoto.
Nenzira iyi, 80% -90% yekushushikana kwewelding inogona kubviswa.Imwe nzira inzvimbo yepamusoro-tembiricha tembiricha, ndiko kuti, chete kudziyisa weld nenzvimbo yakapoteredza, uye ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma kutonhora, kuderedza peak ukoshi we welding kushushikana, zvichiita kuti kushushikana kuparadzirwa zvishoma sandara, uye chikamu kubvisa welding kushushikana.
Mushure mekunge imwe alloy simbi midziyo yaiswa welded, majoini avo akasungwa anozoonekwa akaomeswa chimiro, izvo zvinozoshatisa mashandiro emagetsi echinhu.Mukuwedzera, chimiro ichi chakaomeswa chinogona kutungamirira kukuparadzwa kwejoini pasi pechiito chekugadzirisa kushushikana uye hydrogen.Mushure mekurapa kwekupisa, iyo metallographic chimiro chejoinhi inovandudzwa, iyo plastiki uye kuoma kweiyo yakashongedzwa yekubatanidza inovandudzwa, uye yakazara ma mechanical zvimiro zvewelded joint inovandudzwa.
Dehydrogenation kurapwa ndeyekudziya kwekanguva mukati mekushisa kwekushisa kwe 300 kusvika 400 degrees.Chinangwa ndechekukurumidza kupukunyuka kwehydrogen mujoini yakasungwa, uye mhedzisiro yekurapa dehydrogenation iri nani pane iyo yakaderera tembiricha post-heating.
Post-welding uye post-weld kupisa kurapwa, panguva yakafanira post-heating uye dehydrogenation kurapwa mushure mekuputika ndeimwe yematanho anobatsira ekudzivirira kutonhora kutsemuka muwelding.Kutsemuka kunokonzerwa neHydrogen kunokonzerwa nekuunganidzirwa kwehydrogen mu-multi-pass uye multi-layer welding yemahwendefa akakora inofanira kurapwa ne2 kusvika ku3 yepakati hydrogen yekubvisa marapirwo.
Kufunga nezve Kupisa Kurapa muPressure Vessel Design
Kufunga nezve Kupisa Kurapa muPressure Vessel Dhizaini Kupisa kurapwa, senzira yechinyakare uye inoshanda yekuvandudza uye kudzoreredza zvivakwa zvesimbi, yagara iri hukama husina kusimba mukugadzira nekugadzira midziyo yekumanikidza.
Midziyo yekumanikidza inosanganisira mana marudzi ekurapa kupisa:
Post-weld kupisa kurapwa (kushungurudzika kununura kupisa kurapwa);kupisa kurapwa kuvandudza zvinhu zvinhu;kupisa kurapwa kudzorera zvinhu zvinhu;post-weld hydrogen kubvisa kurapwa.Chinonyanya kukosha apa ndechekukurukura nyaya dzine chokuita ne-post-weld heat treatment, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemidziyo yekumanikidza.
1. Ko iyo austenitic Stainless simbi yekumanikidza mudziyo inoda post-weld kupisa kurapwa?Iyo post-weld kupisa kurapwa ndeye kushandisa kuderedzwa kwegoho remuganho wesimbi pane yakanyanya tembiricha kuti ibudise kuyerera kwepurasitiki munzvimbo ine kushushikana kwakakwira, kuitira kuti uwane chinangwa chekubvisa welding yakasara kusagadzikana, uye panguva nguva imwe chete inogona Kuvandudza plastiki uye kuoma kwemajoini akasungwa uye kupisa kwakakanganiswa nzvimbo, uye kugadzirisa kugona kurwisa kusagadzikana ngura.Iyi nzira yekuzorodza yekushushikana inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mucarbon simbi, yakaderera alloy simbi yekumanikidza midziyo ine body-centered cubic crystal chimiro.
Iyo crystal chimiro che austenitic simbi isina tsvina inotarisana-yakatarisana cubic.Sezvo iyo simbi yezvinhu zvechiso-centered cubic crystal chimiro chine ndege dzinotsvedza kupfuura iyo-yakatarisana nemuviri cubic, inoratidza kusimba kwakanaka uye kuomarara kusimbisa zvivakwa.
Mukuwedzera, mukugadzirwa kwemidziyo yekumanikidza, simbi isina tsvina inowanzosarudzwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zviviri zve-anti-corrosion uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakakosha zvekushisa.Mukuwedzera, simbi isina tsvina inodhura kana ichienzaniswa nekabhoni simbi uye yakaderera-alloy simbi, saka ukobvu hwayo hwemadziro hauzove hwakanyanya.gobvu.
Nokudaro, tichifunga nezvekuchengetedzwa kwekushanda kwemazuva ose, hapana chikonzero chemashure-weld heat treatment zvinodiwa kune austenitic Stainless Stainless steel pressure midziyo.
Kana iri corrosion nekuda kwekushandisa, kusagadzikana kwezvinhu, zvakadai sekuparara kunokonzerwa nemaitiro asina kujairika ekushanda akadai sekuneta, kukanganisa mutoro, nezvimwewo, zvakaoma kufunga mukugadzirwa kwakajairika.Kana mamiriro ezvinhu aya aripo, vashandi vesainzi nehunyanzvi (zvakadai se: dhizaini, shandisa, tsvakiridzo yesainzi uye mamwe mayuniti akakodzera) vanofanirwa kuita tsvakiridzo yakadzama, kuenzanisa kuyedza, uye kuuya neinogoneka yekurapa kupisa hurongwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti yakazara. kushanda kwesevhisi yemudziyo wekumanikidza haina kukanganiswa.
Zvikasadaro, kana kudiwa uye mukana wekupisa kurapwa kweaustenitic simbi isina simbi yekumanikidza midziyo isina kunyatsotariswa, kazhinji hazvigoneke kungoita kupisa kurapwa zvinodiwa kune austenitic Stainless simbi nekufananidza nekabhoni simbi uye yakaderera alloy simbi.
Muchiyero chazvino, izvo zvinodikanwa zve-post-weld kupisa kurapwa kweaustenitic Stainless simbi yekumanikidza midziyo hazvina kujeka.Inotarwa muGB150: "Kunze kwekunge zvatsanangurwa neimwe nzira mumifananidzo, inotonhora-yakaumbwa austenitic Stainless simbi misoro inogona kusabatwa kupisa".
Nezve kana kurapwa kwekupisa kunoitwa mune dzimwe nguva, kunogona kusiyana maererano nekunzwisisa kwevanhu vakasiyana.Inotarwa muGB150 kuti chigadziko uye zvikamu zvaro zvekumanikidza zvinosangana neimwe yeanotevera mamiriro uye inofanira kupiswa.Chechipiri nechitatu zvinhu ndezvi: "Majita ane stress corrosion, senge midziyo ine liquefied petroleum gas, liquid ammonia, nezvimwewo."uye "midziyo ine yakanyanya kana ine muchetura media".
Inongotaurwa mairi: "Kunze kwekunge kutsanangurwa neimwe nzira mumifananidzo, majoini akasungwa eaustenitic simbi isina tsvina anogona kunge asina kupisa kupisa".
Kubva padanho rekutaura kwakajairwa, ichi chinodiwa chinofanira kunzwisiswa sechikuru kune akasiyana mamiriro akanyorwa muchinhu chekutanga.Mamiriro ezvinhu ataurwa pamusoro apa echipiri neechitatu anogona kunge asina kubatanidzwa.
Nenzira iyi, zvinodiwa zve-post-weld heat treatment yeaustenitic stainless simbi kudzvinyirirwa midziyo inogona kuratidzwa zvakanyanya uye nemazvo, kuitira kuti vagadziri vanogona kusarudza kana uye sei kupisa kurapwa kweaustenitic Stainless Stainless steel pressure midziyo maererano nemamiriro chaiwo.
Chisungo 74 cheiyo 99th edition ye "Capacity Regulations" inotaura zvakajeka: "Austenitic Stainless simbi kana isiri-ferrous metal pressure midziyo kazhinji haidi kupisa kupisa mushure mekupisa.Kana kurapwa kwekupisa kuchidikanwa kune zvakakosha zvinodiwa, zvinofanirwa kuratidzwa padhirowa. "
2. Kupisa kwekupisa kwezvinoputika simbi yesimbi yakapfeka simbi yendiro midziyo Inoputika simbi yakavharwa mahwendefa esimbi anowedzera uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yezvikepe zvekumanikidza nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwavo kwecorrosion, musanganiswa wakakwana wesimba remagetsi uye mutengo unonzwisisika.Nyaya dzekurapa kupisa dzinofanirawo kuunzwa kune vagadziri vezvikepe zvekumanikidza.
Iyo tekinoroji indekisi iyo inomanikidza vagadziri vezvikepe vanowanzoisa kukosha kune kune anoumbwa mapaneru chiyero chekubatanidza kwayo, nepo kupisa kwekupisa kweanosanganiswa mapaneru kunowanzo kutariswa kushoma kana kunofanirwa kutariswa neakakodzera tekinoroji zviyero nevagadziri.Iyo nzira yekuputira simbi inoumbwa mapaneru ndiyo nzira yekushandisa simba kune simbi pamusoro.
Pasi pekuita kweyepamusoro-kumhanya kupuruzira, iyo inoumbwa zvinhu inodhumhana neyakagadzika zvinhu zvisingaite, uye mumamiriro ejeti resimbi, zigzag composite interface inoumbwa pakati pesimbi yakavharwa nesimbi yepasi kuti iwane chisungo pakati peatomu.
Nheyo yesimbi mushure mekuputika kwekuputika inonyatsoiswa pasi pekusimbisa kusimba.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo tensile simba σb inowedzera, iyo plasticity index inoderera, uye goho simba kukosha σs haisi pachena.Ingave iri Q235 yakatevedzana simbi kana 16MnR, mushure mekuputika kugadzirisa uyezve kuyedza zvimiro zvayo zvemuchina, zvese zvinotaridza zviri pamusoro strain kusimbisa chiitiko.Panyaya iyi, zvese zviri zviviri titanium-simbi yakavharwa ndiro uye nickel-simbi yakavharwa ndiro inoda kuti iyo yakavharwa ndiro ive pasi pekunetseka kwekudziya kupisa kurapwa mushure mekuputika kusanganiswa.
Iyo 99th edition ye "capacity gauge" inewo mitemo yakajeka pane izvi, asi hapana mitemo yakadaro inogadzirwa kune inoputika composite austenitic stainless steel plate.
Mune yazvino yakakodzera tekinoroji zviyero, mubvunzo wekuti uye sei kupisa kubata iyo austenitic Stainless simbi ndiro mushure mekuputika kwekugadzirisa haina kujeka.
GB8165-87 "Stainless Steel Clad Steel Plate" inotaura kuti: "Maererano nechibvumirano pakati pemutengesi nemutengi, inogonawo kuendeswa munzvimbo inopisa-yakatenderedzwa kana mamiriro ekupisa."Inopihwa pakuenzanisa, kucheka kana kucheka.Pakukumbira, nzvimbo inoumbwa inogona kubikwa, kupfurwa kana kukwenenzverwa, uye zvakare inogona kupihwa munzvimbo inodziya.
Hapana kutaurwa nezvekuti kurapwa kwekupisa kunoitwa sei.Chikonzero chikuru chemamiriro ezvinhu aya ichiri dambudziko rambotaurwa rematunhu anonzwisiswa apo austenitic simbi isina tsvina inoburitsa intergranular corrosion.
GB8547-87 "Titanium-steel clad plate" inotaura kuti hurongwa hwekupisa kupisa kwekunetseka kwekupisa kupisa kwetitanium-simbi yakavharwa ndiro ndeye: 540 ℃ ± 25 ℃, kuchengetedza kupisa kwemaawa matatu.Uye tembiricha iyi ingori mukukurudzira tembiricha yeaustenitic Stainless simbi (400 ℃–850 ℃).
Nokudaro, zvakaoma kupa mitemo yakajeka yekurapa kwekupisa kwekuputika kunoputika austenitic stainless steel sheets.Panyaya iyi, vagadziri vedu vemidziyo yekumanikidza vanofanirwa kuve nekunzwisisa kwakajeka, kutarisisa zvakakwana, uye kutora matanho anoenderana.
Chekutanga pane zvese, 1Cr18Ni9Ti haifanirwe kushandiswa kune yakavharwa simbi isina tsvina, nekuti kana ichienzaniswa neyakaderera-kabhoni austenitic simbi isina simbi 0Cr18Ni9, kabhoni yayo yemukati yakakwira, sensitization inowanzoitika, uye kuramba kwayo kune intergranular corrosion yakaderedzwa.
Uye zvakare, kana iyo yekumanikidza mudziyo goko uye musoro wakagadzirwa neanoputika composite austenitic Stainless simbi ndiro inoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara, senge: kudzvanywa kwepamusoro, kuchinjika kwekumanikidza, uye zvakanyanya uye zvine njodzi midhiya, 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 inofanira kushandiswa.Ultra-yakaderera kabhoni austenitic simbi isina tsvina inoderedza mukana wekunzwa.
Izvo zvinodikanwa zvekurapa kupisa kweanosanganiswa mapaneru zvinofanirwa kuiswa pachena pamberi, uye iyo yekupisa yekurapa system inofanirwa kutariswa mukubvunzana nemapato akakodzera, kuitira kuti zvizadzise chinangwa chekuti base zvinhu zvine imwe huwandu hwekuchengetedza epurasitiki uye iyo inoumbwa zvinhu ine zvaida corrosion resistance.
3. Dzimwe nzira dzinogona kushandiswa kutsiva kupisa kwekupisa kwemidziyo here?Nekuda kwekugumira kwemamiriro emugadziri uye kufunga nezvezvido zvehupfumi, vanhu vazhinji vakaongorora dzimwe nzira dzekutsiva kupisa kwese kurapwa kwemidziyo yekumanikidza.Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora uku kunobatsira uye kwakakosha, asi panguva ino Haisiwo kutsiva kupisa kwese kwekupisa kwemidziyo yekumanikidza.
Izvo zvinodikanwa zvekubatanidzwa kwekupisa kurapwa hazvina kudzoreredzwa mune ikozvino inoshanda zviyero uye maitiro.Pakati pedzimwe nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekurapa kupisa kwese, iwo akajairika ndeaya: kurapwa kwenzvimbo yekupisa, sando nzira yekubvisa welding yakasara kushushikana, nzira yekuputika yekubvisa welding yakasara kushushikana uye nzira yevibration, nzira yekugeza mvura inopisa, nezvimwe.
Kurapwa kwakasarudzika kwekupisa: Inotarwa mu10.4.5.3 yeGB150-1998 "Steel Pressure Vessels": "B, C, D majoini akaiswa, A type welded joints anobatanidza musoro wespherical uye silinda uye akaremara welding welding parts anobvumidzwa kushandisa. chikamu chekupisa kurapwa.Heat treatment method."Mutemo uyu unoreva kuti nzira yekupisa yekupisa haibvumirwi yeKirasi A weld pane cylinder, kureva: iyo yose midziyo haibvumirwi kushandisa nzira yekurapa yekupisa, chimwe chezvikonzero ndechokuti welding residual stress haigoni kuva. yakabviswa symmetrically.
Iyo sando nzira inobvisa welding residual kusagadzikana: ndiko kuti, kuburikidza nemanyorero sando, iyo lamination stress inokwidziridzwa pamusoro peiyo welded joint, nekudaro ichibvisa zvishoma mhedzisiro yekukanganisa kwakasara kusagadzikana.
Muchidimbu, iyi nzira ine imwe inhibitory mhedzisiro pakudzivirira kusagadzikana ngura kupaza.
Zvisinei, nokuti hapana zviratidzo zvehuwandu uye maitiro akaoma ekushanda mukushanda kwekushanda, uye basa rekuongorora rekuenzanisa nekushandiswa harina kukwana, harina kugamuchirwa nechiyero chemazuva ano.
Kuputika nzira yekubvisa welding residual stress: Iyo inoputika yakanyatsogadzirwa kuita tepi chimiro, uye mukati memadziro emidziyo inonamira pamusoro peiyo welded joint.Iyo meshini yakafanana neyeiyo sando nzira yekubvisa welding yakasara kusagadzikana.
Zvinonzi nzira iyi inogona kugadzirisa zvimwe zvikanganiso zvehammering nzira yekubvisa welding residual stress.Nekudaro, mamwe mayuniti akashandisa iyo yakazara kupisa kurapwa uye nzira yekuputika kubvisa welding yakasara kushushikana pamatangi maviri ekuchengetedza eLPG ane mamiriro akafanana.Makore gare gare, tangi yekuvhura yekuongorora yakawana kuti majoini akasungwa ekare aive asina kusimba, nepo majoini akasungwa etangi rekuchengetedza ayo kushushikana kwakasara kwakabviswa nenzira yekuputika kwakaratidza kutsemuka kwakawanda.Nenzira iyi, yaimbove yakakurumbira kuputika nzira yekubvisa welding residual kusagadzikana yakanyarara.
Kune dzimwe nzira dzekutungidzira residual stress relief, izvo nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana hazvina kugamuchirwa neindasitiri yekumanikidza mudziyo.Muchidimbu, iyo yakazara post-weld kupisa kurapwa kwemidziyo yekumanikidza (kusanganisira sub-heat kurapwa muchoto) ine zvakaipira zvekushandisa simba rakawanda uye nguva yakareba yekutenderera, uye inotarisana nematambudziko akasiyana mukushanda chaiko nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita se chimiro chemudziyo wekumanikidza, asi ichiri ikozvino indasitiri yekumanikidza mudziyo.Nzira chete yekubvisa welding residual stress inogamuchirwa mune zvese.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-25-2022