Zvikepe zvekumanikidza zvine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa, nhamba huru uye yakaoma mamiriro ekushanda, uye chiyero chekukuvadza kunokonzerwa netsaona kunosiyana.Iyo dhigirii yengozi ine chekuita nezvakawanda zvinhu, senge dhizaini yekumanikidza, dhizaini tembiricha, njodzi yepakati, michina zvivakwa zvemidziyo, nguva dzekushandisa uye nzira dzekuisa.Iyo yakakwira njodzi, inokwira iyo inodiwa yekumanikidza mudziyo zvinhu, dhizaini, kugadzira, kuongorora, kushandisa uye manejimendi.Naizvozvo, kurongeka kunonzwisisika kwemidziyo yekumanikidza inodiwa.
1. Media njodzi
Njodzi yepakati inoreva huturu, kupisa, corrosiveness, oxidation, nezvimwewo zvepakati, pakati peiyo huturu uye kupisa ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa kurongwa kwemidziyo yekumanikidza.
(1) Muchetura
Toxicity inoreva kugona kwechepfu yekemikari kukuvadza muviri, uye inoshandiswa kuratidza hukama pakati pedomo remuchetura uye mhinduro ine muchetura.Hukuru hwehupfu hunowanzo kuratidzwa maererano nemwero unodiwa kuti chinhu chemakemikari chikonzere imwe chepfu mumhuka dzekuyedza.Muchetura wegasi, unoratidzwa sehuwandu hwezvinhu zviri mumhepo.Iyo yakaderera kuwanda kweiyo dose inodiwa, iyo yakakura toxicity.
Paunenge uchigadzira midziyo yekumanikidza, zvichienderana nehuwandu hunobvumidzwa kuunganidzwa kwemakemikari midhiya, China inorongedza makemikari media seane ngozi zvakanyanya (Ⅰ
Kune mazinga mana: high hazard (levelⅡ), njodzi iri pakati nepakati (levelⅢ), uye nyoro njodzi (levelⅣ)Iyo inonzi yakanyanya kubvumidzwa kusungirirwa inoreva huwandu hwepamusoro hunoonekwa sekusina kukuvadza kumuviri wemunhu kubva padanho rekurapa, rinoratidzwa mumamirigiramu ezvinhu zvine chepfu pa cubic mita yemhepo, uye unit img/m3.General classification criteria ndeiyi:
Kunyanya kukuvadza (Kirasi I) yakanyanya kubvumirwa kuwanda kwehuwandu <0.1mg/m3;
Yakanyanya kukuvadza (Kirasi II) yakanyanya kubvumirwa kuwanda kwehuwandu 0.1 ~ <1.0mg/m3;
Njodzi ine mwero (giredhi III) yakanyanya kubvumidzwa kuwanda kwe1.0 ~ <10mg/m3;
Mild hazard (giredhi IV) Hukuru hunotenderwa huwandu hwehuwandu ndeye≥10mg/m3.
Iyo yakakwira huturu hwepakati, ndipo pakanyanya kukuvadza kunokonzerwa nekuputika kana kubuda kwechikepe chekumanikidza, uye kukwirisa zvinodiwa pakusarudzwa kwezvinhu, kugadzira, kuongorora uye kutonga.Semuyenzaniso, Q235-B simbi mahwendefa haafanire kushandiswa kugadzira midziyo yekumanikidza ine midhiya yakanyanya kana njodzi;apo kugadzira midziyo ine yakanyanyisa kana yakanyanya njodzi midhiya, kabhoni simbi uye yakaderera-alloy simbi mahwendefa achaiswa pasi pekuongorora kwe ultrasonic imwe neimwe, uye iyo yakazara Post-weld kupisa kurapwa kunofanirwa kuitwa, uye Kirasi A uye B yakasungirirwa majoini pa. mudziyo unofanirwawo kuiswa pasi pe100% ray kana ultrasonic kuyedzwa, uye iyo air tightness bvunzo inofanirwa kuitwa mushure mekunge hydraulic bvunzo yakwana.
Zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwemidziyo ine mwero kana munyoro huturu zvakaderera zvakanyanya.Iyo dhigirii yehuturu ine simba guru pakusarudzwa kweflanges, iyo inonyanya kuratidzwa mune yezita rekumanikidza mwero weflange.Kana iyo yemukati yepakati iine muchetura zvine mwero, kudzvanywa kwemazita kwepombi flange yakasarudzwa haifanirwe kunge iri pasi pe1.0MPa;iyo yemukati yepakati yakakwira kana Yakanyanya toxicity njodzi, iyo inonzi inodzvinyirira yepipepi yakasarudzwa yakasarudzwa haifanirwe kunge iri pasi pe1.6MPa, uye butt welding flange nemutsipa inofanirawo kushandiswa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.
(2) Kupisa moto
Musanganiswa wegasi rinopisa kana mhute nemhepo hazvibatike kana kuputika mune chero chikamu, asi zvine hutsinye hwehuwandu uye shanduko nekuda kwekuchinja kwemamiriro.Tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti kana zviri mukati megasi rinopisa mumusanganiswa zvinosangana nemamiriro ekupisa zvakakwana, kupisa kwemoto ndiko kwakanyanya chisimba.Kana zvirimo zvadzikira kana kuwedzera, kukurumidza kupisa kwemurazvo kunodzikira, uye kana iyo yekumisikidza yakadzikira kana yakakwira pane imwe muganhu kukosha, haichazopisa uye kuputika.Musanganiswa wegasi rinopisa kana mhute nemhepo zvinoputika pakarepo paunosangana nemoto kana imwe simba re detonation inonzi "explosion concentration limit, iyo yakaderera panguva yekuputika inonzi "low explosion limit", uye. iyo yepamusoro-soro inonzi muganhu wekuputika kwepamusoro.
Muganho wekuputika unowanzo kuratidzwa nechikamu chevhoriyamu yegasi rinopfuta kana mhute mumusanganiswa.Iyo yepakati ine yakaderera kuputika muganho isingasviki gumi muzana, kana mutsauko pakati pekumusoro kuputika muganho uye yakaderera muganho mukuru pane kana kuenzana ne20%, inowanzonzi inopfuta midhiya, senge methane, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen, propane, butane, nezvimwewo. Midhiya inobvira moto inosanganisira magasi anopfuta, zvinwiwa uye zvinyoro.Iyo inopfuta iri mumudziyo wekumanikidza inonyanya kureva gasi rinopfuta uye gasi rakanyungudika.
Midhiya inopfuta inoisa pamberi pepamusoro zvinodiwa pakusarudza, dhizaini, kugadzira uye manejimendi ezvikepe zvekumanikidza.Ese mawelds (kusanganisira fillet welds) emidziyo inopfuta yepakati yekumanikidza anozotora yakazara inopinda chimiro, nezvimwe.
2. Kurongeka kwemidziyo yekumanikidza
Nyika dzakasiyana pasirese dzine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuisa nzira dzekumanikidza ngarava.Ichi chikamu chinotarisa nzira dzekuisa muChina "Stationary Pressure Vessel Safety Technical Supervision Regulations".
(1) Kusarudzika nedanho rekumanikidza
Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekumanikidza, midziyo yekumanikidza inogona kukamurwa kuita midziyo yemukati yekumanikidza uye kunze kwekumanikidza midziyo.Iyo yemukati yekumanikidza mudziyo inogona kukamurwa kuita ina yekumanikidza mazinga zvichienderana nedhizaini yekumanikidza (p), iyo yakakamurwa seizvi:
Low pressure (code L) mudziyo 0.1MPa≤p <1.6MPa;
Kumanikidzwa kwepakati (code M) mudziyo 1.6MPa≤p <10.0MPa;
High pressure (code H) mudziyo 10MPa≤p<100MPa;
Ultra-yakakwirira pressure (code U) mudziyo p≥100MPa.
Mumudziyo wekunze wekumanikidza, kana kudzvanywa kwemukati kwemudziyo kuri kushoma pane absolute atmospheric pressure (inenge 0.1MPa), inonziwo vacuum container.
(2) Kurongwa zvinoenderana nebasa remidziyo mukugadzira
Zvinoenderana nekushanda kwemudziyo wekumanikidza mukugadzira, inogona kukamurwa kuita mana marudzi: reaction pressure mudziyo, kupisa kwekuchinjana kudzvanywa mudziyo, yekuparadzanisa yekumanikidza mudziyo uye yekuchengetedza yekumanikidza mudziyo.Kupatsanura kwakananga kunotevera.
①Reaction pressure ngarava (code R) inonyanya kushandiswa kupedzisa kuita kwemuviri uye kemikari yepakati, senge reactor, reaction kettle, polymerization kettle, autoclave, synthesis tower, autoclave, gasi jenareta, nezvimwe.
②Kupisa kunotsinhanisa kumanikidza mudziyo (kodhi E) inonyanya kushandiswa kupedzisa yepakati kupisa kwekutsinhanisa kumanikidza mudziyo.Zvakadai segoko uye chubhu tsvina inopisa boilers, zvinopisa zvinopisa, zvinotonhorera, macondensers, evaporators, heaters, nezvimwe.
③Kupatsanura kumanikidza mudziyo (kodhi S) inonyanya kushandiswa kupedzisa kudzvanywa kwebhafa yepakati mvura uye gasi kucheneswa uye kupatsanura.Zvakadai sevanoparadzanisa, mafirita, vateresi vemafuta, mabuffers, shongwe dzekuomesa, nezvimwe.
④Chengetedzo yekumanikidza mudziyo (kodhi C, umo spherical tank kodhi B) inonyanya kushandiswa kuchengetedza uye ine gasi, mvura, mvura.
Zvikepe zvekumanikidza zvegasi uye mamwe midhiya.Zvakadai semvura yekuchengetera matangi ammonia, liquefied petroleum gasi rekuchengetedza matangi, nezvimwe.
Mumudziyo wekumanikidza, kana paine maviri kana anopfuura maitirwo maitiro panguva imwe chete, iwo marudzi anofanirwa kukamurwa zvichienderana nebasa guru mukuita.
(3) Kuronga nenzira yekuisa
Zvinoenderana neiyo yekumisikidza nzira, inogona kukamurwa kuita yakagadziriswa midziyo yekumanikidza uye mobile pressure midziyo.
①Fixed pressure vessel inoreva ngarava yekumanikidza ine yakagadziriswa yekumisikidza uye kushandisa saiti, uye yakatemerwa maitiro emamiriro uye anoshanda.Zvakadai seakachinjika ekuchengetedza matangi, spherical matangi, shongwe, mareactor, nezvimwe mumusangano wekugadzira.
②Nharembozha yekumanikidza ngarava inoreva midziyo yekufambisa inoumbwa nematangi kana hombe-vhoriyamu gasi masilinda uye magiya ekufambisa kana mafuremu akabatana zvachose, anosanganisira njanji matangi emota, mota dzematangi emota, matirairi epombi refu, matangi emidziyo, uye machubhu-bundle midziyo.Nharembozha dzinomanikidza ngarava dzinofanirwa kufunga nezve inertial simba uye kutsvedza kwemvura panguva yekufambisa, saka vane zvakakosha zvinodiwa maererano nechimiro, kushandiswa uye kuchengeteka.
Chikepe chekumanikidza chine basa rekurodha uye kuburitsa svikiro, rinongo shandiswa mumudziyo kana munda, uye risingabatanidzi muchitima, mugwagwa kana mvura yekufambisa haisi nhare yekumanikidza ngarava.
(4) Kurongwa nekuchengetedza tekinoroji manejimendi
Nzira dzakati wandei dzakataurwa pamusoro apa dzinongotarisa imwe dhizaini dhizaini kana mamiriro ekushandiswa kwemudziyo wekumanikidza, uye haigone kuratidza zvizere huwandu hwenjodzi yakatarisana nemudziyo wekumanikidza.Semuyenzaniso, mudziyo wekumanikidza unochengeta zvinopfuta kana zvine muchetura zviri pakati nepakati kana zvakanyanya njodzi media ine njodzi zvakanyanya pane yekumanikidza ngarava yesaizi yejometri inochengeta zvinyoro zvinyoro kana zvisingabatike media.
Njodzi yemudziyo wekumanikidzika inobatanawo nechigadzirwa chekugadzirisa kwayo p uye vhoriyamu yakazara V. Iyo yakakura pV kukosha, iyo inowedzera simba rekuputika uye iyo inotyisa zvikuru apo chikepe chinoputika.Iyo dhizaini, kugadzira, kuongorora, kushandisa uye manejimendi echikepe chepamusoro zvinodiwa.
Nechikonzero ichi, tichifunga zvinhu zvakaita sedhizaini yekumanikidza, vhoriyamu, njodzi yepakati, basa rechikepe mukugadzira, simba rezvinhu, chimiro chengarava uye zvimwe zvinhu, iyo "Pressure Vessel Safety Technical Supervision Regulations" inokamura midziyo yekumanikidza mukati meiyo chiyero chinoshanda. mapoka matatu.Ndiko, rudzi rwekutanga rwekumanikidza mudziyo, yechipiri rudzi rwekumanikidza mudziyo uye yechitatu rudzi rwekumanikidza mudziyo.
Mukushandiswa kwekushandiswa, zvinoonekwa kuti kutarisa kweiyi nzira yekuisa haina mukurumbira.Kune dzakawanda-functional pressure midziyo, zvakaoma kutsanangura kuti ndeupi basa rinoita basa guru mukugadzirwa, izvo zvinotungamirira nyore nyore kune zvisingaenderani maonero pakuronga.Panguva imwecheteyo, nekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji yekugadzira, simba rezvinhu, chimiro chemidziyo, nezvimwe hazvisisiri izvo zvinonyanya kukanganisa huwandu hwenjodzi yemidziyo.
Tichifunga nezvematambudziko ari pamusoro, kuitira kuti kupatsanurwa kuve nyore uye kwakasiyana, yeChina "Stationary Pressure Vessel Safety Technology Supervision Regulations" inorongedza midziyo yekumanikidza zvichienderana nezvinhu zvitatu, senge svikiro, dhizaini kudzvanywa uye vhoriyamu, uye inoronga midziyo yekumanikidza mukati meiyo. chiyero chinoshanda muChikamu I. Pamidziyo yekumanikidza, Kirasi II yekumanikidza midziyo uye Kirasi III yekumanikidza midziyo, nzira dzekuronga dzave kuiswa.
①Kuunganidzwa kwepakati Iyo yepakati yemudziyo wekumanikidza igasi, liquefied gasi, uye mvura iyo yakanyanya tembiricha yekushanda yakakwira kupfuura kana kuenzana nenzvimbo yayo yekubikira, uye yakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri zvichienderana nehuwandu hwehuturu uye njodzi yekuputika.
ⅰ.Boka rekutanga renhau: makemikari media, zvinoputika media, uye magasi akanyungudika ane huturu hwengozi dhigirii ine njodzi zvakanyanya uye ine njodzi zvakanyanya.
ii.Yechipiri seti yemedia: midhiya kunze kwekutanga seti yemedia.
Iyo toxicity hazard degree uye kuputika kwengozi dhigirii yepakati inotemerwa zvinoenderana nemazinga maviri eGBZ230 "Classification yeHazard Degree yeOccupational Exposure to Poisons" uye HG20660 "Classification yeToxicity Hazard uye Kuputika Hazard Degree yeChemical Medium muPressure Vessels. ”.Kana izvo zviviri zvisingawirirane, iyo ine mwero wepamusoro wengozi (ine njodzi) ichakunda.
②Kurongeka kwemidziyo yekumanikidza Kurongeka kwemidziyo yekumanikidza kunofanirwa kutanga yasarudza dhizaini rinoenderana zvichienderana nehunhu hwepakati, uyezve.
Eresa kudzvanywa p (unit MPa) uye vhoriyamu V (chikamu m3), maka mapoinzi ekubatanidza, uye sarudza chikamu chemidziyo.
i.Kune boka rekutanga renhau, kurongeka kwemidziyo yekumanikidza kunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1-2.
Kana iyo coordination point iri pamutsetse wechikamu cheMufananidzo 1-2 kana Mufananidzo 1-3, inorongedzerwa zvichienderana nechikamu chepamusoro;vhoriyamu isingasviki 25L kana dhayamita yemukati (kune zvisiri-yakatenderera zvikamu, zvinoreva hupamhi, kureba kana diagonal mutsara, senge rectangle is Small-volume pressure midziyo ine diagonal line uye ellipse seyakanyanya axis) isingasviki 150 mm inorondedzerwa seClass I pressure midziyo;iyo midhiya isina kutaurwa mumiyero miviri GBZ230 uye HG20660 ichave yakanyatso kutariswa maererano nemakemikari avo emhando, dhigirii rengozi uye zviri mukati, Iro boka repakati rinotemerwa nekumanikidza mudziyo dhizaini unit.
Nekuda kwekusiyana kwemitemo yehupfumi, mitemo yehunyanzvi, mabhesi eindasitiri uye masisitimu ekutonga enyika dzakasiyana siyana, nzira dzekuronga dzezvikepe zvekumanikidza dzinosiyanawo kubva kune mumwe nemumwe.Paunenge uchigadzira midziyo yekumanikidza uchishandisa zviyero zvepasirese kana mazinga epamusoro ekunze, nzira dzinoenderana dzemhando dzinofanirwa kutorwa.
Semuyenzaniso, EU 97/23/EC “Pressure Equipment Directive” inotarisisa zvakanyanya njodzi dzemidziyo yekumanikidza zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakaita sekumanikidzwa kushanda kunobvumirwa, mhepo yemhepo patembiricha inobvumirwa kushanda, njodzi yepakati, vhoriyamu yejometri kana saizi yezita, uye use.Iyo yekumanikidza-inotakura midziyo yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvina: I, II, III, uye IV, uye inoenderana zvinhu, dhizaini, kugadzira uye kuongorora zvinodiwa zvinopihwa.
Mumwe muenzaniso ndeweJapan JISB8270 “Pressure Vessel (Basic Standard)” yakaburitswa muna 1993, iyo inokamura midziyo yekumanikidza kuita mamakisi matatu zvichienderana nedhizaini yedhizaini uye njodzi yepakati: yechitatu rudzi rwekumanikidza ngarava ine yakaderera giredhi, uye chiyero. Yekushandisa ndeyekuti tembiricha yekugadzira haina kuderera pane 0℃, dhizaini yekumanikidza iri pasi pe1MPa;iyo dhizaini yedhizaini yerudzi rwechipiri rwekumanikidza mudziyo uri pasi pe30MPa;uye dhizaini yedhizaini yerudzi rwekutanga yekumanikidza mudziyo unofanirwa kunge uri pasi pe100MPa.Nekudaro, kana paine zvakakosha zvinodiwa zvemidziyo, kugadzira, kuongorora, nezvimwewo, midziyo yekumanikidza ine dhizaini yekumanikidza yakakwira kupfuura 100MPa inogona zvakare kuiswa muchikamu chekutanga chemidziyo.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-19-2022