Ukuwelda kwamacandelo abalulekileyo, ukuwelda kwentsimbi yealloyi kunye newelding yeendawo ezishinyeneyo zonke zifuna ukufudumeza kwangaphambi kokuba kutshiswe.Imisebenzi ephambili yokufudumeza phambi kwe-welding yile ilandelayo:
(1) Ukufudumala kwangaphambili kunokucothisa isantya sokupholisa emva kwe-welding, enceda ekubalekeni kwe-hydrogen edibeneyo kwintsimbi ye-weld kwaye inqande iintanda ezenziwe nge-hydrogen.Ngelo xesha, iqondo lokuqina kwe-weld kunye nommandla ochaphazelekayo wokushisa uyancitshiswa, kwaye ukuchasana kokuqhekeka kwe-welded joint kuphuculwe.
(2) Ukufudumala kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding.Ukushisa okulinganayo kwendawo okanye ukufudumeza ngokubanzi kunokunciphisa umahluko weqondo lokushisa (owaziwa ngokuba yi-gradient yeqondo lokushisa) phakathi kwezinto zokusebenza eziza kufakwa kwindawo ye-welding.Ngale ndlela, kwelinye icala, uxinzelelo lwe-welding luyancitshiswa, kwaye ngakwelinye icala, izinga loxinzelelo lwe-welding liyancitshiswa, nto leyo enenzuzo ukuphepha iintanda ze-welding.
(3) Ukushisa kwangaphambili kunokunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kwesakhiwo esidibeneyo, ngokukodwa ukukhawulwa kwe-fillet joint.Ngokunyuka kokushisa kwangaphambi kokushisa, iziganeko zokuqhekeka ziyancipha.
Ukukhethwa kobushushu be-preheating kunye nobushushu be-interpass ayihambelani kuphela nokwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zentsimbi kunye ne-electrode, kodwa kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo esidityanisiweyo, indlela yokudibanisa, ubushushu be-ambient, njl., ekufuneka imiselwe emva kokuqwalaselwa okubanzi kwezi zinto. izinto.
Ukongeza, ukufana kobushushu bokufudumala kwinqanaba lobunzima bephepha lentsimbi kunye nokufana kwendawo ye-weld kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo lwe-welding.Ububanzi be-preheating yendawo kufuneka bumiselwe ngokuthintelwa kwe-workpiece ukuba i-welded.Ngokuqhelekileyo, kufuneka kube kathathu ubukhulu bodonga olujikeleze indawo ye-weld, kwaye akufanele ibe ngaphantsi kwe-150-200 mm.Ukuba i-preheating ayifani, endaweni yokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding, iya kwandisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding.
Kukho iinjongo ezintathu zonyango lwe-weld post-weld: ukuphelisa i-hydrogen, ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding, ukuphucula isakhiwo se-weld kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi.
Unyango lwe-post-weld dehydrogenation lubhekiselele kunyango lobushushu obuphantsi olwenziwa emva kokuba ukuwelda kugqityiwe kwaye i-weld ayizange ipholiswe ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-100 °C.Inkcazo jikelele kukufudumala ukuya kwi-200 ~ 350 ℃ kwaye uyigcine iiyure ezi-2-6.Umsebenzi ophambili we-post-weld hydrogen ukuphelisa unyango kukukhawulezisa ukuphunyuka kwe-hydrogen kwindawo echaphazelekayo kunye ne-weld, esebenza ngokugqithiseleyo ekukhuseleni ukuqhekeka kwe-welding ngexesha le-welding of low-alloy steels.
Ngethuba lenkqubo ye-welding, ngenxa yokungahambelani kokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa, kunye nokuthintela okanye ukuthintela kwangaphandle kwecandelo ngokwalo, uxinzelelo lwe-welding luya kuhlala luveliswa kwicandelo emva kokuba umsebenzi we-welding ugqityiwe.Ubukho boxinzelelo lwe-welding kwicandelo buya kunciphisa amandla okuthwala okwenyani kwendawo edibeneyo edibeneyo, kubangele ukuguqulwa kweplastiki, kwaye kukhokelela kumonakalo wecandelo kwiimeko ezinzima.
Ukunyangwa kobushushu boxinzelelo kukunciphisa amandla esivuno se-welding workpiece kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu ukufezekisa injongo yokuphumla koxinzelelo lwe-welding.Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo: enye yi-temperature ephezulu yokushisa, oko kukuthi, i-weldment yonke ifakwe kwiziko lokufudumeza, ifudunyezwe ngokukhawuleza kwiqondo elithile lobushushu, igcinwe ixesha elithile, kwaye ekugqibeleni ipholiswe emoyeni okanye eziko.
Ngale ndlela, i-80% -90% yoxinzelelo lwe-welding inokupheliswa.Enye indlela yengingqi yobushushu obuphezulu, oko kukuthi, ukufudumeza kuphela i-weld kunye nommandla wayo ojikelezileyo, kwaye emva koko ukupholisa ngokucothayo, ukunciphisa ixabiso lencopho yoxinzelelo lwe-welding, okwenza ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo lube tyaba, kwaye ngokuyinxenye ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding.
Emva kokuba ezinye izinto zensimbi ze-alloy zidibene, amajoyina abo adibeneyo aya kubonakala isakhiwo esinzima, esiya kuphazamisa iimpawu zomatshini wezinto eziphathekayo.Ukongeza, esi sakhiwo lukhuni sinokukhokelela ekutshatyalaliswa kokudibanisa phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo lwe-welding kunye ne-hydrogen.Emva kokunyanga ubushushu, isakhiwo se-metallographic somdibaniso siphuculwe, iplastiki kunye nokuqina kokudibanisa okudibeneyo kuphuculwe, kwaye iimpawu ezibanzi zomatshini wokudibanisa okudibeneyo ziphuculwe.
Unyango lwe-Dehydrogenation kukugcina ubushushu ixesha elithile ngaphakathi kobushushu bobushushu obuphakathi kwama-300 ukuya kuma-400 degrees.Injongo kukukhawulezisa ukuphunyuka kwe-hydrogen kwi-joint welded, kwaye umphumo wonyango we-dehydrogenation ungcono kunokushisa okuphantsi kwe-post-heating.
I-post-welding kunye ne-post-weld heat treatment, i-post-heating exesheni kunye ne-dehydrogenation unyango emva kwe-welding yenye yemilinganiselo esebenzayo yokukhusela iintanda ezibandayo kwi-welding.Iintanda ezenziwe ngeHydrojeni ezibangelwa kukuqokelelana kwe-hydrogen kwi-multi-pass kunye ne-multi-layer welding yamacwecwe ashinyeneyo kufuneka aphathwe nge-2 ukuya kwi-3 yonyango ephakathi yokususa i-hydrogen.
Uqwalaselo loNyango loBubushushu kuYilo lweZitya zoxinzelelo
Ukuqwalaselwa koNyango lwe-Heat kwi-Pressure Vessel Design Unyango lobushushu, njengendlela yendabuko kunye nesebenzayo yokuphucula nokubuyisela iimpawu zetsimbi, isoloko iyikhonkco ebuthathaka ekuyilweni nasekwenzeni iinqanawa zoxinzelelo.
Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo zibandakanya iintlobo ezine zonyango lobushushu:
Unyango lwe-post-weld heat (unyango loxinzelelo loxinzelelo lobushushu);unyango lobushushu ukuphucula iimpawu eziphathekayo;unyango lobushushu ukubuyisela iimpawu eziphathekayo;unyango lokuphelisa i-hydrogen emva kwe-weld.Ingqwalasela apha kukuxoxa ngemiba enxulumene nokuphathwa kobushushu be-post-weld, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuyilweni kweenqanawa zoxinzelelo.
1. Ngaba isitya soxinzelelo lwe-austenitic stainless steel stainless sifuna unyango lobushushu emva kwe-weld?Unyango lobushushu be-post-weld kukusebenzisa ukunciphisa umda wesivuno sezinto zetsimbi kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ukuvelisa ukuhamba kweplastiki kwindawo apho uxinzelelo luphezulu, ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yokuphelisa i-welding residual stress, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo Ukuphucula iplastiki kunye nokuqina kwamalungu adityanisiweyo kunye nendawo echaphazelekayo yobushushu, kunye nokuphucula ukukwazi ukuxhathisa i-corrosion yoxinzelelo.Le ndlela yokunciphisa uxinzelelo isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-carbon steel, i-alloy low iron pressure vessels kunye ne-body-centered body-centered cubic crystal structure.
Isakhiwo sekristale se-austenitic stainless steel is face-centered cubic.Ekubeni izinto zetsimbi zesakhiwo se-cubic crystal ejongene nobuso zineenqwelomoya ezityibilikayo kune-cubic egxilwe ngumzimba, zibonakalisa ukuqina okuhle kunye neempawu zokuqinisa ukuqina.
Ukongezelela, ekuyilweni kweenqanawa zoxinzelelo, isinyithi esingenasici sihlala sikhethwa kwiinjongo ezimbini zokulwa nokubola kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zokushisa.Ukongezelela, insimbi engenasici iyabiza xa ithelekiswa nentsimbi ye-carbon kunye ne-low-alloy steel, ngoko udonga lwayo abuyi kuba phezulu kakhulu.ngqindilili.
Ngoko ke, ngokuqwalasela ukhuseleko lomsebenzi oqhelekileyo, akukho mfuneko yonyango lwe-post-weld yonyango yokushisa kwiinqanawa ze-austenitic stainless steel stainless.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-corrosion ngenxa yokusetyenziswa, ukungazinzi kwezinto eziphathekayo, njengokuwohloka okubangelwa iimeko ezingaqhelekanga zokusebenza ezifana nokukhathala, umthwalo wempembelelo, njl., Kunzima ukuqwalasela kuyilo oluqhelekileyo.Ukuba ezi meko zikhoyo, abasebenzi abafanelekileyo benzululwazi kunye nobugcisa (ezifana: noyilo, ukusetyenziswa, uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nezinye iiyunithi ezifanelekileyo) kufuneka benze uphando olunzulu, iimvavanyo ezithelekisayo, kwaye beze nesicwangciso sonyango lobushushu obunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba olubanzi. ukusebenza kwenkonzo yenqanawa yoxinzelelo ayichaphazeleki.
Ngaphandle koko, ukuba imfuno kunye nokuba kunokwenzeka unyango lobushushu kwiinqanawa ze-austenitic stainless steel stainless pressure, kudla ngokungenakwenzeka ukwenza iimfuno zonyango lobushushu kwi-austenitic steel stainless steel ngokufaniswa ne-carbon steel kunye nentsimbi ephantsi.
Kumgangatho wangoku, iimfuno zonyango lwe-post-weld heat ye-austenitic stainless steel stainless pressure vessels azicacanga.Kuchazwe kwi-GB150: "Ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela kwimizobo, iintloko zensimbi ezingenasici ezibandayo ze-austenitic azikwazi ukuphathwa ngobushushu".
Ngokumalunga nokuba unyango lobushushu lwenziwa kwezinye iimeko, lunokwahluka ngokwengqiqo yabantu abahlukeneyo.Kuchazwe kwi-GB150 ukuba i-container kunye nezixhobo zayo zoxinzelelo zihlangabezana nenye yezi meko zilandelayo kwaye kufuneka ziphathwe ukushisa.Eyesibini neyesithathu zezi: “Izikhongozeli ezinomhlwa woxinzelelo, njengezikhongozelo ezinerhasi yepetroleum engamanzi, i-liquid ammonia, njl.njl.kunye “Nezikhongozelo eziqulathe iindaba eziyingozi kakhulu okanye eziyingozi kakhulu”.
Kuchazwe kuphela kuyo: "Ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela kwimizobo, i-welded joints of austenitic stainless steel stainless ayinakuphathwa ukushisa".
Ukusuka kwinqanaba lokubonisa okusemgangathweni, le mfuneko kufuneka iqondwe njengengakumbi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezidweliswe kwinto yokuqala.Le meko ikhankanywe apha ngasentla yesibini neyesithathu isenokungadityaniswa.
Ngaloo ndlela, iimfuno zonyango lwe-post-weld ubushushu kwiinqanawa ze-austenitic stainless steel stainless zingachazwa ngokubanzi kunye ngokuchanekileyo, ukuze abaqulunqi bathathe isigqibo sokuba ngaba kunye nendlela yokufudumala unyango lwe-austenitic stainless steel stainless pressure vessels ngokweyona meko.
Inqaku le-74 ye-99th edition ye "Capacity Regulations" ichaza ngokucacileyo: "I-Austenitic stainless steel okanye i-non-ferrous metal pressure vessels ngokubanzi ayifuni unyango lokushisa emva kwe-welding.Ukuba unyango lobushushu luyafuneka kwiimfuno ezizodwa, kufuneka luboniswe kumzobo. "
2. Ubushushu bonyango lwezikhongozeli zentsimbi eziqhumayo ezigqunywe ngentsimbi yentsimbi eziqhumayo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino lwenqanawa yoxinzelelo ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwesa kokugqwala, indibaniselwano egqibeleleyo yamandla oomatshini kunye nokusebenza kweendleko ezifanelekileyo.Imiba yonyango lobushushu kufuneka iziswe kwingqalelo yabaqulunqi beenqanawa zoxinzelelo.
Isalathiso sobugcisa abaqulunqi beenqanawa zoxinzelelo badla ngokuncamathisela ukubaluleka kwiiphaneli ezidityanisiweyo yireyithi yokudityaniswa kwayo, ngelixa unyango lobushushu lweepaneli ezihlanganisiweyo luhlala lujongwa luncinci kakhulu okanye kufuneka luqwalaselwe ngokwemigangatho yobugcisa efanelekileyo kunye nabavelisi.Inkqubo yokuqhunyiswa kweepaneli zetsimbi ezidibeneyo ziyinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwindawo yesinyithi.
Ngaphantsi kwesenzo se-high-speed pulse, i-composite material ingqubuzana kunye nesiseko se-obliquely, kwaye kwimeko ye-jet yensimbi, i-interface ye-zigzag ye-composite yenziwa phakathi kwentsimbi edibeneyo kunye nesiseko sesinyithi ukufezekisa ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-athomu.
Isiseko sesinyithi emva kokucubungula ukuqhuma ngokwenene siphantsi kwenkqubo yokomeleza ubunzima.
Ngenxa yoko, amandla e-tensile σb ayanda, isalathiso seplastiki siyancipha, kwaye ixabiso lamandla esivuno σs alibonakali.Nokuba yintsimbi ye-Q235 okanye i-16MnR, emva kokuqhubekeka kogqabhuko-dubulo kwaye emva koko kuvavanywe iipropathi zayo zomatshini, zonke zibonisa le nto ingasentla yokomeleza ubunzima.Ngokubhekiselele koku, zombini ipleyiti yentsimbi ye-titanium kunye ne-nickel-steel clad plate ifuna ukuba ipleyiti enentsimbi ifakwe phantsi koxinzelelo lonyango lobushushu emva kokudibanisa okuqhushumbayo.
Ushicilelo lwe-99 lwe "capacity gauge" nalo lunemimiselo ecacileyo kule nto, kodwa akukho migaqo enjalo yenzelwe i-explosive composite austenitic stainless steel plate.
Kwimigangatho yezobugcisa ekhoyo ngoku, umbuzo wokuba kwaye ubushushu buphathwa njani ipleyiti yensimbi engenasici ye-austenitic emva kokuqhuma kokudubula ayicacanga.
I-GB8165-87 “I-Stainless Steel Clad Steel Plate” ithi: “Ngokutsho kwesivumelwano phakathi komthengisi nomthengi, inokuhanjiswa ikwimeko eshushu okanye iphathwe bubushushu.”Ibonelelwe ngokulinganayo, ukucheba okanye ukusika.Xa uceliwe, umphezulu odityanisiweyo unokuvunwa, ugqitywe okanye upolishwe, kwaye unokubonelelwa kwimeko ephathwa bubushushu.
Akukho nto ikhankanyiweyo malunga nendlela unyango olushushu lwenziwa ngayo.Esona sizathu siphambili sale meko kuseyingxaki ekhankanywe ngasentla yemimandla evakalelweyo apho i-austenitic stainless steel ivelisa i-intergranular corrosion.
I-GB8547-87 "i-Titanium-steel clad plate" ichaza ukuba inkqubo yonyango lobushushu yonyango loxinzelelo lobushushu lwe-titanium-steel clad plate yile: 540 ℃ ± 25 ℃, ukugcinwa kobushushu iiyure ezi-3.Kwaye obu bushushu bukwiqondo lobushushu bokuvuselela i-austenitic steel stainless steel (400℃–850℃).
Ngoko ke, kunzima ukunika imimiselo ecacileyo yonyango olushushu lwe-explosive composite austenitic sheets stainless steel stainless.Kule nkalo, abaqulunqi bethu beenqanawa zoxinzelelo kufuneka babe nokuqonda okucacileyo, bahlawule ngokwaneleyo, kwaye bathathe amanyathelo ahambelanayo.
Okokuqala, i-1Cr18Ni9Ti ayifanele isetyenziswe kwi-clad stainless steel, kuba xa kuthelekiswa ne-low-carbon austenitic stainless steel 0Cr18Ni9, umxholo wekhabhoni uphezulu, uvakalelo lunokwenzeka ngakumbi, kwaye ukuchasana kwayo kwi-corrosion ye-intergranular kuyancipha.
Ukongeza, xa i-shell yesitya soxinzelelo kunye nentloko eyenziwe nge-explosive composite austenitic stainless steel plate isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinzima, ezinje: uxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo, kunye neendaba eziyingozi kakhulu kwaye ziyingozi kakhulu, i-00Cr17Ni14Mo2 kufuneka isetyenziswe.Iintsimbi ze-Ultra-low carbon austenitic stainless steels zinciphisa ukuba nokwenzeka kwe-sensitization.
Iimfuno zonyango lobushushu kwiipaneli ezidibeneyo kufuneka zibekwe ngokucacileyo, kwaye inkqubo yonyango lobushushu kufuneka imiselwe ngokubonisana namaqela afanelekileyo, ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yokuba izinto ezisisiseko zinomlinganiselo othile wogcino lweplastiki kwaye izinto ezixutyiweyo efunekayo ukumelana nomhlwa.
3. Ngaba ezinye iindlela zingasetyenziselwa ukubuyisela unyango olushushu olupheleleyo lwezixhobo?Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kweemeko zomenzi kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweminqweno yezoqoqosho, abantu abaninzi baye bahlolisisa ezinye iindlela zokutshintsha unyango olushushu olupheleleyo lweenqanawa zoxinzelelo.Nangona olu phononongo lunenzuzo kwaye luxabisekile, kodwa okwangoku Aluyiyo indawo yonyango olushushu olupheleleyo lweenqanawa zoxinzelelo.
Iimfuno zonyango oludibeneyo lobushushu azizange zikhululeke kwimigangatho esebenzayo ngoku kunye neenkqubo.Phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo kunyango olulonke lobushushu, ezona ziqhelekileyo zezi: unyango lobushushu bendawo, indlela yokunyundela ukuphelisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo lwe-welding, indlela yoqhushumbo yokuphelisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kunye nendlela yokungcangcazela, indlela yokuhlamba amanzi ashushu, njl.
Ukunyangwa kobushushu obungaphelelanga: Kuchazwe kwi-10.4.5.3 ye-GB150-1998 "Ii-Steel Pressure Vessels": "I-B, C, D i-welded joints, Uhlobo lwe-welded joints oludibanisa intloko ye-spherical kunye ne-cylinder kunye neendawo zokulungisa i-welding ephosakeleyo zivumelekile ukuba zisetyenziswe. unyango oluyinxenye lobushushu.Indlela yokunyanga ubushushu.”Lo mmiselo uthetha ukuba indlela yokunyanga ukushisa kwendawo ayivumelekanga kwi-Class A weld kwi-cylinder, oko kukuthi: izixhobo zonke azivumelekanga ukusebenzisa indlela yokushisa ubushushu bendawo, esinye sezizathu kukuba i-welding residual stress ayikwazi isuswe symmetrically.
Indlela yokubethelwa isusa ukuxinzelela kwentsalela yoxinzelelo: oko kukuthi, ngokubethelwa ngesandla, uxinzelelo lwe-lamination lubekwe ngaphezulu kumphezulu wejoyinti edityanisiweyo, ngaloo ndlela iphelisa isiphumo esibi sokuxinezeleka okushiyekileyo.
Ngokomgaqo, le ndlela inesiphumo esithile sokuthintela ekuthinteleni ukuqhekeka kwe-corrosion yoxinzelelo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba akukho zibonakaliso zobungakanani kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza ezingqongqo kwinkqubo yokusebenza ebonakalayo, kwaye umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuthelekisa kunye nokusetyenziswa akwanele, awuzange wamkelwe ngumgangatho wangoku.
Indlela yokuqhuma ukuphelisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo lwe-welding: Isiqhushumbisi senziwe ngokukodwa kwi-tape shape, kwaye udonga lwangaphakathi lwezixhobo lunamathele kumphezulu we-welded joint.Umatshini uyafana naleyo yendlela yehamile yokuphelisa i-welding residual stress.
Kuthiwa le ndlela inokwenza ezinye zeentsilelo zendlela yokubethelwa ukuze kupheliswe i-welding residual stress.Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iiyunithi zisebenzise unyango olulonke lobushushu kunye nendlela yokuqhuma ukuphelisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo lwe-welding kwiitanki ezimbini zokugcina ze-LPG ezineemeko ezifanayo.Kwiminyaka kamva, ukuhlolwa kokuvulwa kwetanki kwafumanisa ukuba i-welded joints of the former yayingatshintshi, ngelixa i-welded joints of the tanki yogcino i-reseal stress yapheliswa yindlela yokuqhuma yabonisa ezininzi iintanda.Ngale ndlela, indlela yogqabhuko-dubulo eyayifudula idumileyo yokuphelisa ukuwelda intsalela yoxinzelelo ayithethi.
Kukho ezinye iindlela ze-welding residual stress relief, ezithe ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo azizange zamkelwe kushishino lweenqanawa zoxinzelelo.Ngelizwi, unyango olupheleleyo lwe-post-weld heat yemikhumbi yoxinzelelo (kubandakanya unyango olungaphantsi kobushushu kwi-furnace) luneziphene zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye nexesha elide lokujikeleza, kwaye lijongene nobunzima obuninzi ekusebenzeni okwenyani ngenxa yezinto ezifana isakhiwo senqanawa yoxinzelelo, kodwa iseyishishini langoku loxinzelelo lwenqanawa.Indlela kuphela yokuphelisa i-welding i-residual stress eyamkelekileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-25-2022