Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo zineendlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa, inani elikhulu kunye neemeko zokusebenza ezinzima, kunye neqondo lokulimala okubangelwa iingozi kuyahluka.Umgangatho wengozi unxulumene nezinto ezininzi, ezinje ngoxinzelelo loyilo, ubushushu boyilo, ubungozi obuphakathi, iipropathi zoomatshini bezinto, amaxesha okusebenzisa kunye neendlela zokufakela.Okukhona iphezulu ingozi, kokukhona ziphezulu iimfuno zemathiriyeli yenqanawa yoxinzelelo, uyilo, ukuvelisa, ukuhlola, ukusetyenziswa kunye nolawulo.Ngoko ke, ulwahlulo olufanelekileyo lwemikhumbi yoxinzelelo luyafuneka.
1. Ingozi yemidiya
Ingozi ye-medium ibhekisela kwi-toxicity, ukutsha, ukubola, i-oxidation, njl.
(1) Ubutyhefu
Ubuthi bubhekisa kwisakhono setyhefu ebangela umonakalo emzimbeni, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwethamo letyhefu kunye nempendulo eyityhefu.Ubungakanani betyhefu ngokubanzi bubonakaliswa ngokwemilinganiselo yethamo efunekayo kwimichiza ukuze ibangele ukusabela okuthile okuyityhefu kwizilwanyana zovavanyo.Ityhefu yegesi, ebonakaliswa njengokuxinana kwento esemoyeni.I-concentration ephantsi ye-dose efunekayo, inkulu i-toxicity.
Xa kuyilwa iinqanawa zoxinzelelo, ngokokugxininiswa okuphezulu okuvumelekileyo kwemithombo yeendaba yeekhemikhali, i-China ihlela imidiya yeekhemikhali njengeyingozi kakhulu (Ⅰ
Kukho amanqanaba amane: ingozi ephezulu (inqanabaⅡ), ingozi ephakathi (inqanabaⅢ), kunye nengozi ephakathi (inqanabaⅣ).Okubizwa ngokuba kugxininiso oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo lubhekiselele kugxininiso oluphezulu oluthathwa njengento engenabungozi kumzimba womntu ukusuka kwinqanaba lezonyango, elichazwe ngeemiligram zezinto eziyityhefu nge-cubic meter yomoya, kwaye iyunithi yi-mg/m3.Iikhrayitheriya zokuhlela ngokubanzi zezi:
Ubungozi obugqithisileyo (iKlasi I) ubuninzi obuvumelekileyo boxinzelelo <0.1mg/m3;
Ubungozi obuphezulu (iKlasi ye-II) ubuninzi obuvumelekileyo boxinzelelo lwe-0.1 ~ <1.0mg/m3;
Ingozi ephakathi (ibakala III) ubuninzi bobunzima obuvumelekileyo 1.0 ~ <10mg/m3;
Ingozi ephakathi (ibakala IV) Obona bunzima buphezulu obuvumelekileyo bububunzima≥10mg/m3.
Ukuphakama kwetyhefu ye-medium, iyingozi ngakumbi ingozi ebangelwa ukuqhuma okanye ukuvuza kwenqanawa yoxinzelelo, kwaye iphezulu iimfuno zokukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukuveliswa, ukuhlolwa kunye nokulawula.Ngokomzekelo, iipleyiti zensimbi ze-Q235-B aziyi kusetyenziselwa ukwenza iinqanawa zoxinzelelo kunye neendaba eziyingozi kakhulu okanye eziyingozi kakhulu;xa izikhongozeli zokuvelisa ezinemithombo yeendaba eziyingozi kakhulu okanye eziyingozi kakhulu, intsimbi yekhabhoni kunye neepleyiti zentsimbi eziphantsi-alloy ziya kufakwa kuvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic nganye nganye, kwaye unyango olupheleleyo lwe-Post-weld kufuneka lwenziwe, kunye neKlasi A kunye ne-B edityanisiweyo. isikhongozeli kufuneka kwakhona sifakwe kwi-100% ray okanye uvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic, kwaye uvavanyo lokuqina komoya kufuneka lwenziwe emva kokuba uvavanyo lwe-hydraulic lufanelekile.
Iimfuno zokwenziwa kwezikhongozeli ezinetyhefu ephakathi okanye ephakathi ziphantsi kakhulu.Iqondo lobutyhefu linempembelelo enkulu ekukhethweni kweeflange, ezibonakaliswa ngokukodwa kwinqanaba loxinzelelo lwe-flange.Ukuba i-medium yangaphakathi inetyhefu ephakathi, uxinzelelo lwegama lombhobho okhethiweyo akufanele lube ngaphantsi kwe-1.0MPa;i-medium yangaphakathi iphezulu okanye i-Extreme toxicity iingozi, uxinzelelo lwegama lombhobho okhethiweyo weflange akufanele ube ngaphantsi kwe-1.6MPa, kunye ne-butt welding flange enentamo kufuneka isetyenziswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
(2) Ukutsha
Umxube werhasi etshayo okanye umphunga kunye nomoya awutshi okanye uqhushumba kulo naliphi na umlinganiselo, kodwa unomlinganiselo ongqongqo wobungakanani kunye notshintsho ngenxa yotshintsho kwiimeko.Uphando lubonisa ukuba xa umxholo wegesi etshayo kumxube udibana neemeko zokutsha okupheleleyo, ukutshiswa kokutsha yeyona nto inobundlobongela.Ukuba umxholo wayo uyancipha okanye uyanda, isantya esivuthayo somlilo siya kuncipha, kwaye xa ugxininiso luphantsi okanye luphezulu kunexabiso elithile lomda, alisayi kutshisa kwaye liqhume.Uluhlu loxinaniso apho umxube werhasi etshayo okanye umphunga nomoya uya kugqabhuka ngoko nangoko xa udibana nomthombo womlilo okanye amandla athile okuqhushumba kubizwa ngokuba yi-explosion concentration limit, olona xinzelelo luphantsi ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo lubizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo osezantsi wogqabhuko-dubulo, kwaye olona gxininiso luphezulu lubizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo ongaphezulu wogqabhuko-dubulo.
Umda wokudubula ubonakaliswa ngokubanzi ngamaqhezu omthamo werhasi enokutsha okanye umphunga kumxube.I-medium kunye nomda wokudubula ophantsi ongaphantsi kwe-10%, okanye umahluko phakathi komda wokudubula ophezulu kunye nomda ophantsi ungaphezulu okanye ulingana ne-20%, ebizwa ngokuba yimithombo yeendaba ezinokutsha, njenge-methane, i-ethane, i-ethylene, i-hydrogen, ipropane, ibutane, njl. njl. Imithombo yeendaba ezinokutsha iquka iigesi ezinokutsha, ulwelo kunye nezinto eziqinileyo.Indawo enokutsha equlethwe kwinqanawa yoxinzelelo ikakhulu ibhekisa kwirhasi enokutsha kunye negesi enyibilikayo.
Amajelo anokutsha abeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu ekukhetheni, ukuyila, ekuveliseni nasekulawuleni iinqanawa zoxinzelelo.Zonke ii-welds (kubandakanywa i-fillet welds) yemikhumbi yoxinzelelo oluphakathi oluvuthayo luya kwamkela isakhiwo sokungena esipheleleyo, njl.
2. Ukuhlelwa kweenqanawa zoxinzelelo
Amazwe ahlukeneyo ehlabathini aneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela iinqanawa zoxinzelelo.Eli candelo lijolise kwiindlela zokuhlela "kwiMiqathango yoBugcisa boLawulo loKhuseleko lweSikhuseli soxinzelelo lwaseTshayina".
(1) Ukuhlelwa ngokwenqanaba loxinzelelo
Ngokohlobo loxinzelelo, iinqanawa zoxinzelelo zingahlulwa zibe yimithwalo yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo kunye neenqanawa zangaphandle.Isitya soxinzelelo sangaphakathi sinokwahlulwa sibe ngamanqanaba amane oxinzelelo ngokoxinzelelo loyilo (p), olwahlulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Uxinzelelo oluphantsi (ikhowudi L) isitya 0.1MPa≤p<1.6MPa;
Uxinzelelo oluphakathi (ikhowudi M) isikhongozeli 1.6MPa≤p<10.0MPa;
Uxinzelelo oluphezulu (ikhowudi H) isikhongozeli se-10MPa≤p<100MPa;
Uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu (ikhowudi U) isikhongozeli p≥100MPa
Kwisikhongozeli soxinzelelo sangaphandle, xa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lwesikhongozeli lungaphantsi koxinzelelo lweatmospheri olupheleleyo (malunga ne-0.1MPa), lukwabizwa ngokuba sisikhongozeli sokufunxa.
(2) Ukuhlelwa ngokwendima yezikhongozeli kwimveliso
Ngokomsebenzi wesitya soxinzelelo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezine: isitya soxinzelelo lokuphendula, isitya soxinzelelo lokutshintsha ubushushu, isitya soxinzelelo lokwahlukana kunye nesitya soxinzelelo lokugcina.Ulwahlulo oluthile lulolu hlobo lulandelayo.
①Isitya soxinzelelo lwe-reaction (ikhowudi R) isetyenziselwa ukugqiba ukuphendulwa komzimba kunye neekhemikhali zendlela ephakathi, njenge-reactor, kettle reaction, i-polymerization kettle, i-autoclave, i-synthesis tower, i-autoclave, i-generator yegesi, njl.
②Isitya sokutshintshana kobushushu (ikhowudi E) isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukugqiba isitya soxinzelelo lobushushu obuphakathi.Okufana neqokobhe kunye netyhubhu yenkunkuma yebhoyila yobushushu, i-heat exchangers, i-coolers, i-condensers, i-evaporators, izifudumezi, njl.
③Isitya soxinzelelo lokwahlula (ikhowudi S) isetyenziselwa ukugqiba i-balance balance buffer ye-medium fluid kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwegesi kunye nokwahlula.Njengabahluli, izihluzi, abaqokeleli beoyile, iibuffers, iinqaba zokumisa, njl.
④Isitya soxinzelelo sogcino (ikhowudi C, apho itanki ikhowudi B) isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukugcina kwaye iqulethe igesi, ulwelo, ulwelo.
Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo zegesi kunye nezinye imidiya.Okufana neetanki zokugcina i-ammonia elulwelo, iitanki zokugcina igesi yepetroleum enyibilikisiweyo, njl.
Kwinqanawa yoxinzelelo, ukuba kukho imigaqo emibini okanye ngaphezulu yenkqubo ngexesha elifanayo, iindidi kufuneka zihlulwe ngokwendima ephambili kwinkqubo.
(3) Ukuhlelwa ngendlela yokufakela
Ngokwendlela yokufakela, inokwahlulwa ibe yimikhumbi yoxinzelelo olusisigxina kunye neenqanawa zoxinzelelo ezihambayo.
①Inqanawa yoxinzelelo olusisigxina ibhekiselele kwinqanawa yoxinzelelo enofakelo olusisigxina kunye nesayithi lokusebenzisa, kunye neemeko zenkqubo ezinzileyo kunye nabaqhubi.Okufana neetanki zokugcina ezithe tye, iitanki ezingqukuva, iinqaba, ii-reactors, njl njl. kwiworkshop yemveliso.
②Inqanawa yoxinzelelo ehambayo ibhekisa kwisixhobo sothutho esenziwe ngamatanki okanye iisilinda zegesi ezinomthamo omkhulu kunye nezixhobo zokuhamba okanye iifreyimu eziqhagamshelwe ngokusisigxina, kubandakanywa iimoto zetanki zikaloliwe, iimoto zetanki zemoto, iinqwelwana ezinemibhobho emide, izikhongozeli zetanki, kunye nezikhongozeli ze-tube-bundle.Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo lweselula kufuneka ziqwalasele amandla angenayo kunye ne-liquid sloshing ngexesha lokuthutha, ngoko ke zineemfuno ezizodwa ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokhuseleko.
Inqanawa yoxinzelelo onomsebenzi wokulayisha kunye nokukhupha i-medium, isetyenziswe kuphela kwisixhobo okanye kwintsimi, kwaye ayithathi nxaxheba kumzila kaloliwe, kwindlela okanye ekuthuthweni kwamanzi akusiyo inqanawa yoxinzelelo lweselula.
(4) Ukuhlelwa ngolawulo lweteknoloji yokhuseleko
Iindlela ezininzi zokuhlela ezikhankanywe ngasentla ziqwalasela kuphela ipharamitha yoyilo oluthile okanye imeko yokusetyenziswa kwenqanawa yoxinzelelo, kwaye ayikwazi ukubonisa ngokubanzi inqanaba lengozi elijongene nomkhumbi woxinzelelo.Umzekelo, inqanawa yoxinzelelo egcina izinto ezinokutsha okanye ezinetyhefu ephakathi okanye eziyingozi kakhulu ziyingozi kakhulu kunenqanawa yoxinzelelo yobungakanani bejiyometri egcina imidiya encinci eyityhefu okanye engatshayo.
Ingozi yenqanawa yoxinzelelo nayo ihambelana nemveliso yoyilo loxinzelelo lwe-p kunye nomthamo opheleleyo V. Ixabiso elikhulu le-pV, amandla amakhulu okuqhuma kunye nobungozi obukhulu xa umkhumbi uqhuma.Uyilo, ukuveliswa, ukuhlolwa, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulawulwa kweemfuno eziphezulu zenqanawa.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuqwalasela izinto ezifana noxinzelelo loyilo, umthamo, ingozi ephakathi, indima yenqanawa kwimveliso, amandla ezinto eziphathekayo, isakhiwo senqanawa kunye nezinye izinto, "IiMiqathango yoKhuseleko lwezoKhuseleko lwezoKhuseleko lwezobuGcisa" yahlula iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwendawo esebenzayo. iindidi ezintathu.Oko kukuthi, uhlobo lokuqala lwesitya soxinzelelo, uhlobo lwesibini lwesitya soxinzelelo kunye nohlobo lwesithathu lwesitya soxinzelelo.
Kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa, kufumaniseka ukuba ugxininiso lwale ndlela yokuhlela ayibonakali.Kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo ezininzi ezisebenzayo, kunzima ukuchaza ukuba yeyiphi umsebenzi odlala indima enkulu kwimveliso, ekhokelela ngokulula kwiimbono ezingahambelaniyo xa zihlelwa.Kwangaxeshanye, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwenzululwazi yezinto kunye nobugcisa bokuvelisa, amandla ezinto eziphathekayo, isakhiwo sesitya, njl.
Ngenxa yezi ngxaki zingentla, ukwenzela ukuba ulwahlulo lube lula kwaye lube lodwa, i-China "Stationary Pressure Vessel Safety Supervision Regulations" ihlela iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ngokwezinto ezintathu, ezifana nomgangatho ophakathi, uxinzelelo loyilo kunye nomthamo, kwaye ihlela iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwenqanawa. umda osebenzayo kwiCandelo I. Kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo, iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ze-Class II kunye ne-Class III yoxinzelelo lweenqanawa, iindlela zokuhlela ziyaziswa ngoku.
①Ukwahlulahlula okuphakathi Umbindi wenqanawa yoxinzelelo yirhasi, irhasi enyibilikisiweyo, kunye nolwelo ubushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza bungaphezulu okanye bulingana nendawo yokubilisa eqhelekileyo, kwaye yahlulwe yangamaqela amabini ngokwenqanaba letyhefu kunye nomngcipheko wogqabhuko-dubulo.
ⅰ.Iqela lokuqala lemithombo yeendaba: imithombo yeendaba yeekhemikhali, imithombo yeendaba eziqhumayo, kunye neegesi ezinyibilikayo ezineqondo lengozi yetyhefu eyingozi kakhulu kwaye iyingozi kakhulu.
ii.Iseti yesibini yemidiya: imidiya ngaphandle kweseti yokuqala yemidiya.
Iqondo lengozi yetyhefu kunye neqondo lengozi yokuqhushumba kwendawo ephakathi kumiselwa ngokwemigangatho emibini ye-GBZ230 "Ukuhlelwa kweSiganga seHazard ye-Occupational Exposure to Occupational Exposure to Poisons" kunye ne-HG20660 "Ukuhlelwa kweNgcipheko yeNtoni kunye neDegree yeNgcaciso yeNgcipheko yeMichiza ePhakathi kwiMidiya yoxinzelelo. ”.Xa ezi zimbini zingangqinelani, enye eneqondo eliphezulu lengozi (eyingozi) iya koyisa.
②Ukwahlulahlula iinqanawa zoxinzelelo Ukuhlelwa kweenqanawa zoxinzelelo kufuneka kuqala kukhethe umzobo wokuhlela ohambelanayo ngokweempawu ze-medium, kwaye emva koko.
Ukulinganisa i-p (iyunithi ye-MPa) kunye nomthamo we-V (iyunithi m3), phawula amanqaku olungelelaniso, kwaye umisele udidi lwesikhongozeli.
i.Kwiqela lokuqala leendaba, ukuhlelwa kweenqanawa zoxinzelelo kuboniswe kuMzobo 1-2.
Xa indawo yokulungelelanisa ifumaneka kumgca wokuhlelwa kwe-Figure 1-2 okanye i-Figure 1-3, ihlelwa ngokwecandelo eliphezulu;umthamo ungaphantsi kwe-25L okanye i-diameter yangaphakathi (kumacandelo angeyiyo i-circular, ibhekisela kububanzi, ukuphakama okanye umgca we-diagonal, njengoxande i-Small-volume pressure vessels with a diagonal line kunye ne-ellipse njenge-axis enkulu) ngaphantsi kwe-150 mm zihlelwa njengeenqanawa zoxinzelelo lwe-Class I;Imithombo yeendaba engachazwanga kwimigangatho emibini ye-GBZ230 kunye ne-HG20660 iya kuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi ngokweempawu zabo zekhemikhali, iqondo lengozi kunye nomxholo , Iqela eliphakathi lichongwa yiyunithi yoyilo lomkhumbi woxinzelelo.
Ngenxa yokungafani kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho, imigaqo-nkqubo yezobugcisa, iziseko zoshishino kunye neenkqubo zokulawula zamazwe ahlukeneyo, iindlela zokuhlela iinqanawa zoxinzelelo nazo zihluke komnye nomnye.Xa uyila iinqanawa zoxinzelelo usebenzisa imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe okanye imigangatho yangaphandle yangaphandle, iindlela ezihambelanayo zokuhlela kufuneka zamkelwe.
Umzekelo, i-EU 97/23/EC “IsiXhobo soMyalelo woxinzelelo” simisela ngokubanzi iingozi zezixhobo zoxinzelelo ngokwemiba efana noxinzelelo olusebenzayo oluvumelekileyo, uxinzelelo lomphunga kubushushu obuphezulu obuvumelekileyo bokusebenza, ubungozi obuphakathi, umthamo wejometri okanye ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo, kunye sebenzisa.Izixhobo zoxinzelelo zikwahlula kwiindidi ezine: I, II, III, kunye ne-IV, kunye nezinto ezihambelanayo, ukuyila, ukuvelisa kunye neemfuno zokuhlola zinikezelwa.
Omnye umzekelo yi-JISB8270 yaseJapan "I-Pressure Vessel (I-Basic Standard)" eyabhengezwa kwi-1993, eyahlula iinqanawa zoxinzelelo zibe ngamabakala amathathu ngokoxinzelelo loyilo kunye nobungozi bephakathi: uhlobo lwesithathu loxinzelelo lwenqanawa lunomgangatho ophantsi, kunye nobubanzi. isicelo kukuba ubushushu boyilo alukho ngaphantsi kwe-0℃, uxinzelelo loyilo lungaphantsi kwe-1MPa;uxinzelelo loyilo lohlobo lwesibini lwenqanawa yoxinzelelo lungaphantsi kwe-30MPa;kunye noxinzelelo loyilo lohlobo lokuqala lwenqanawa yoxinzelelo kufuneka lube ngaphantsi kwe-100MPa.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zezinto eziphathekayo, ukuveliswa, ukuhlolwa, njl., iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ezinoxinzelelo loyilo oluphezulu kune-100MPa nazo zingahlelwa kudidi lokuqala lwemikhumbi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-19-2022