Imikhumbi yokucindezela inezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa, inombolo enkulu nezimo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izinga lokulimala okubangelwa izingozi liyahlukahluka.Izinga lengozi lihlobene nezici eziningi, njengokucindezela kokuklama, izinga lokushisa lokuklama, ubungozi obuphakathi nendawo, izakhiwo zemishini yezinto zokwakha, izikhathi zokusebenzisa nezindlela zokuzifaka.Lapho ingozi iphezulu, ziba phezulu izidingo zempahla yomkhumbi wengcindezi, ukuklama, ukukhiqiza, ukuhlola, ukusetshenziswa nokuphatha.Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa okunengqondo kwemikhumbi yokucindezela kuyadingeka.
1. Ingozi yemidiya
Ingozi ye-medium ibhekisela ku-toxicity, ukuvutha, ukubola, i-oxidation, njll ye-medium, phakathi kwayo ubuthi nokuvutha yizici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi yokucindezela.
(1) Ubuthi
Ubuthi busho ikhono lobuthi bekhemikhali lokubangela umonakalo emzimbeni, futhi busetshenziselwa ukuveza ubudlelwano phakathi komthamo kashevu kanye nokusabela okunobuthi.Usayizi wobuthi ngokuvamile uvezwa ngokomthamo odingekayo ukuze into yamakhemikhali ibangele ukusabela okuthile okunobuthi ezilwaneni ezihlolwayo.Ubuthi begesi, obuvezwa njengokuhlangana kwento emoyeni.Ukunciphisa umthamo womthamo odingekayo, ubuthi bukhulu.
Lapho iklama imikhumbi yokucindezela, ngokusho kwenani eliphakeme elivumelekile lemidiya yamakhemikhali, i-China ihlukanisa imidiya yamakhemikhali njengeyingozi kakhulu (Ⅰ
Kunamazinga amane: ingozi enkulu (izingaⅡ), ingozi emaphakathi (izingaⅢ), kanye nengozi encane (izingaⅣ).Okubizwa ngokuthi ukugxilisa okuphezulu okuvunyelwe kubhekisela ekugxiliseni okuphezulu kakhulu okubhekwa njengokungabi yingozi emzimbeni womuntu kusukela ezingeni lezokwelapha, okuvezwa ngamamiligremu ezinto ezinobuthi nge-cubic meter yomoya ngayinye, futhi iyunithi ingu-mg/m3.Imibandela yokuhlukanisa evamile yilezi:
Okuyingozi ngokwedlulele (Ikilasi I) ukugxila kwesisindo esiphezulu esivumelekile <0.1mg/m3;
Okuyingozi kakhulu (I-Class II) ukugxila kwesisindo esiphezulu esivumelekile 0.1~<1.0mg/m3;
Ingozi emaphakathi (ibanga lesi-III) umkhawulo wesisindo esivumelekile 1.0~<10mg/m3;
Ingozi emaphakathi (ibanga lesi-IV) Isilinganiso esiphezulu esivumelekile sokugxilisa isisindo ngu≥10mg/m3.
Uma buphezulu ubuthi be-medium, kuba mkhulu kakhulu umonakalo odalwe ukuqhuma noma ukuvuza komkhumbi ocindezelayo, kanye nezimfuneko zokukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukukhiqizwa, ukuhlolwa nokuphathwa.Isibonelo, amapuleti ensimbi e-Q235-B ngeke asetshenziselwe ukwakha imikhumbi yokucindezela enemidiya eyingozi kakhulu noma eyingozi kakhulu;lapho izitsha zokukhiqiza eziqukethe imidiya eyingozi kakhulu noma eyingozi kakhulu, insimbi ye-carbon steel kanye namapuleti ensimbi anengxubevange ephansi izohlolwa nge-ultrasonic ngayinye ngayinye, futhi ukwelashwa okuphelele kwe-Post-weld kufanele kwenziwe, kanye namajoyinti ashiselwe e-Class A no-B avuliwe. isitsha kufanele futhi sihlolwe yi-100% ray noma i-ultrasonic, futhi ukuhlolwa kokuqina komoya kufanele kwenziwe ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwe-hydraulic.
Izidingo zokwenziwa kweziqukathi ezinobuthi obumaphakathi noma obuncane ziphansi kakhulu.Izinga lobuthi linethonya elikhulu ekukhethweni kwama-flange, okuboniswa ngokuyinhloko ezingeni lokucindezela okulinganiselwe kwe-flange.Uma i-medium yangaphakathi inobuthi obulinganiselwe, ingcindezi ebizwa ngokuthi i-flange yepayipi ekhethiwe akufanele ibe ngaphansi kwe-1.0MPa;i-medium yangaphakathi iphezulu noma i-Extreme toxicity izingozi, ukucindezela okulinganiselwe kwe-flange yepayipi ekhethiwe akufanele kube ngaphansi kwe-1.6MPa, futhi i-butt welding flange enentamo kufanele futhi isetshenziswe ngangokunokwenzeka.
(2) Ukuvutha
Ingxube yegesi evuthayo noma umhwamuko nomoya awushi noma uqhume kunoma iyiphi ingxenye, kodwa unesilinganiso esiqinile somthamo kanye nezinguquko ngenxa yezinguquko ezimweni.Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lapho okuqukethwe kwegesi evuthayo engxubeni kuhlangabezana nezimo zokusha okuphelele, ukusabela kokuvutha yikho okunodlame kakhulu.Uma okuqukethwe kwayo kuncipha noma kwanda, isivinini somlilo sizokwehla, futhi lapho ukugxila kuphansi noma kuphezulu kunevelu ethile yomkhawulo, ngeke kusashisa futhi kuqhume.Ibanga lokuhlushwa lapho ingxube yegesi evuthayo noma umhwamuko nomoya ezoqhuma ngokushesha lapho ihlangana nomthombo womlilo noma amandla athile okuqhumisa kubizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo wokuhlushwa kokuqhuma, ukugxila okuphansi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kubizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo ophansi wokuqhuma, futhi ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kubizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo wokuqhuma okuphezulu.
Umkhawulo wokuqhuma ngokuvamile uvezwa ingxenye yevolumu yegesi evuthayo noma umhwamuko engxubeni.Indawo ephakathi enomkhawulo wokuqhuma ophansi ongaphansi kuka-10%, noma umehluko phakathi komkhawulo wokuqhuma ongaphezulu nomkhawulo ophansi mkhulu noma ulingana no-20%, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi imidiya evuthayo, njenge-methane, i-ethane, i-ethylene, i-hydrogen, i-propane, i-butane, njll. Imidiya evuthayo ihlanganisa amagesi avuthayo, uketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile.Indawo evuthayo equkethwe emkhunjini wokucindezela ikakhulukazi ibhekisela kugesi ovuthayo kanye negesi eliwuketshezi.
Imithombo yezindaba evuthayo ibeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme ekukhetheni, ekuklanyweni, ekwakhiweni nasekuphathweni kwemikhumbi yokucindezela.Wonke ama-welds (okuhlanganisa ama-fillet welds) emikhumbi yokucindezela okuphakathi okuvuthayo azokwamukela isakhiwo sokungena esigcwele, njll.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi yokucindezela
Amazwe ahlukene emhlabeni anezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlukanisa imikhumbi yokucindezela.Lesi sigaba sigxile ezindleleni zokuhlukanisa “Imithetho Yokuqondisa Ukuphepha Komkhumbi Oqinile” waseShayina.
(1) Ukuhlukaniswa ngezinga lokucindezela
Ngokusho kohlobo lokucindezela, izitsha zokucindezela zingahlukaniswa zibe izitsha zokucindezela zangaphakathi kanye nemikhumbi yokucindezela yangaphandle.Umkhumbi wengcindezi yangaphakathi ungahlukaniswa ube amazinga okucindezela amane ngokuya ngengcindezi yokuklama (p), ehlukaniswe ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Ukucindezela okuphansi (ikhodi L) isitsha esingu-0.1MPa≤p<1.6MPa;
Ingcindezi emaphakathi (ikhodi M) yesiqukathi esingu-1.6MPa≤p<10.0MPa;
Umfutho ophezulu (ikhodi H) isitsha esingu-10MPa≤p<100MPa;
Umfutho ophakeme kakhulu (ikhodi U) isitsha p≥100MPa.
Esitsheni sokucindezela sangaphandle, lapho ingcindezi yangaphakathi yesiqukathi ingaphansi komfutho womoya ophelele (cishe u-0.1MPa), kuphinde kuthiwe isitsha se-vacuum.
(2) Ukuhlukaniswa ngokweqhaza leziqukathi ekukhiqizeni
Ngokusho komsebenzi womkhumbi wokucindezela ohlelweni lokukhiqiza, ungahlukaniswa ube yizinhlobo ezine: isitsha sokucindezela ukusabela, isitsha sokucindezela ukushisa, umkhumbi wokuhlukanisa umkhumbi kanye nomkhumbi wengcindezi yokugcina.Ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile kungokulandelayo.
①Umkhumbi wengcindezi yokusabela (ikhodi R) usetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqedela ukusabela ngokomzimba namakhemikhali we-medium, njenge-reactor, igedlela lokusabela, iketela le-polymerization, i-autoclave, umbhoshongo we-synthesis, i-autoclave, i-generator yegesi, njll.
②Umkhumbi wengcindezi yokushintshana kokushisa (ikhodi E) isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqedela umkhumbi wengcindezi yokushintshana kokushisa okuphakathi.Okufana negobolondo nama-tube waste heat boilers, ama-heaters, ama-cooler, ama-condensers, ama-evaporator, ama-heaters, njll.
③Umkhumbi wengcindezi yokuhlukanisa (ikhodi S) isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqedela isilondolozi sebhalansi yengcindezi yoketshezi oluphakathi nendawo ukuhlanzwa nokuhlukaniswa kwegesi.Okufana nezihlukanisi, izihlungi, abaqoqi bamafutha, amabhafa, imibhoshongo yokomisa, njll.
④Umkhumbi wengcindezi yesitoreji (ikhodi C, lapho ikhodi yethangi eliyindilinga B) isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukugcina nokuqukatha igesi, uketshezi, uketshezi.
Imikhumbi yokucindezela igesi neminye imidiya.Okufana namathangi okugcina i-ammonia ewuketshezi, amathangi okugcina igesi ye-petroleum ewuketshezi, njll.
Emkhunjini wokucindezela, uma kunezimiso ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zenqubo ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlobo kufanele zihlukaniswe ngokuvumelana nendima eyinhloko kule nqubo.
(3) Ukuhlelwa ngendlela yokufaka
Ngokwendlela yokufaka, ingahlukaniswa ibe yizitsha zokucindezela okugxilile kanye nemikhumbi yokucindezela yeselula.
①Umkhumbi wengcindezi engaguquki ubhekisela emkhunjini ocindezelayo onokufakwa okugxilile nokusetshenziswa kwendawo, kanye nezimo zenqubo elinganiselwe kanye nabaqhubi.Okufana namathangi okugcina avundlile, amathangi ayindilinga, imibhoshongo, ama-reactors, njll. endaweni yokusebenzela yokukhiqiza.
②Umkhumbi we-pressure ubhekisela ezintweni zokuthutha ezakhiwe amathangi noma amasilinda egesi evolumu enkulu kanye negiya lokuhamba noma amafreyimu axhunywe unomphela, okuhlanganisa izimoto zamathangi kaloliwe, izimoto zamathangi ezimoto, ama-trailer amapayipi amade, iziqukathi zamathangi, neziqukathi ze-tube-bundle.Imikhumbi yengcindezi yeselula idinga ukucabangela amandla angenayo kanye ne-liquid sloshing ngesikhathi sokuthutha, ngakho-ke inezidingo ezikhethekile mayelana nesakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa nokuphepha.
Umkhumbi ocindezelayo onomsebenzi wokulayisha nokulayisha, usetshenziswa kuphela kudivayisi noma ensimini, futhi ungahlanganyeli ekuthuthweni kwesitimela, emgwaqeni noma emanzini akuwona umkhumbi wengcindezi yeselula.
(4) Ukuhlelwa ngokuphathwa kobuchwepheshe bokuphepha
Izindlela ezimbalwa zokuhlukanisa ezishiwo ngenhla zicabangela kuphela ipharamitha yokuklama ethile noma isimo sokusebenzisa umkhumbi wokucindezela, futhi azikwazi ukubonisa ngokuphelele izinga lengozi elibhekene nomkhumbi wokucindezela.Isibonelo, umkhumbi ocindezelayo ogcina imidiya evutha umlilo noma enobuthi obumaphakathi noma eyingozi kakhulu uyingozi kakhulu kunomkhumbi wokucindezela wosayizi wejiyomethri ofanayo ogcina imidiya enobuthi obuncane noma engashi.
Ingozi yomkhumbi wokucindezela iphinde ihlotshaniswe nomkhiqizo wengcindezi yokuklama kwawo p kanye nevolumu egcwele V. I-value enkulu ye-pV, amandla amakhulu okuqhuma kanye nengozi enkulu lapho umkhumbi uqhuma.Ukuklama, ukukhiqiza, ukuhlola, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuphathwa komkhumbi izidingo eziphezulu.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kucatshangelwa izici ezifana nokucindezela kokuklama, umthamo, ingozi ephakathi nendawo, indima yomkhumbi ekukhiqizeni, amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo, ukwakheka komkhumbi nezinye izici, “Imithetho Yokuqondisa Ukuphepha Komkhumbi Wokucindezelwa Komkhumbi” ihlukanisa imikhumbi yokucindezela ngaphakathi kobubanzi obusebenzayo ukuze izigaba ezintathu.Okungukuthi, uhlobo lokuqala lwesitsha sokucindezela, uhlobo lwesibili lomkhumbi wokucindezela kanye nohlobo lwesithathu lomkhumbi wokucindezela.
Enqubweni yokusetshenziswa, kutholakala ukuthi ukugxila kwale ndlela yokuhlukanisa akugqamile.Emikhunjini yokucindezela enemisebenzi eminingi, kunzima ukuchaza ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi odlala indima enkulu ekukhiqizeni, okuholela kalula emibonweni engahambisani lapho kuhlukaniswa.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, amandla wezinto ezibonakalayo, ukwakheka kweziqukathi, njll. akusezona izici eziyinhloko ezithinta izinga lobungozi leziqukathi.
Ngenxa yalezi zinkinga ezingenhla, ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlukaniswa kube lula futhi kuhluke, i-"Stationary Pressure Vessel Safety Supervision Regulations" yaseChina ihlukanisa imikhumbi yokucindezela ngokwezici ezintathu, njenge-medium, design pressure kanye nevolumu, futhi ihlukanisa imikhumbi yokucindezela ngaphakathi ububanzi obusebenzayo kuSigaba I. Ngemikhumbi yokucindezela, imikhumbi yokucindezela ye-Class II kanye nemikhumbi yokucindezela ye-Class III, izindlela zokuhlukanisa manje sezethulwa.
①Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo emaphakathi Indawo yomkhumbi wengcindezi igesi, igesi ewuketshezi, kanye noketshezi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza kwalo lingaphezulu noma lilingana nendawo yalo yokubilisa evamile, futhi ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili ngokwezinga lobuthi nobungozi bokuqhuma.
ⅰ.Iqembu lokuqala lemidiya: imidiya yamakhemikhali, imidiya eqhumayo, namagesi aluketshezi okuyingozi yawo yobuthi iyingozi kakhulu futhi iyingozi kakhulu.
ii.Isethi yesibili yemidiya: imidiya ngaphandle kwesethi yokuqala yemidiya.
Idigri ye-toxicity hazard kanye ne-explosion hazard degree of the medium kunqunywa ngokuvumelana namazinga amabili e-GBZ230 “Classification of Hazard Degree of Occupational Exposure to Poisons” kanye ne-HG20660 “Ukuhlelwa Kwengozi Yobuthi kanye Nedigri Yengozi Yokuqhuma Yekhemikhali Emaphakathi Emikhunjini Yokucindezela. ”.Lapho okubili kungahambisani, lowo onezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lengozi (eyingozi) uyonqoba.
②Ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi yokucindezela Ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi yokucindezela kufanele kuqala kukhethe umdwebo wokuhlukanisa ohambisanayo ngokwezimpawu ze-medium, bese-ke.
Linganisa ingcindezi p (iyunithi ye-MPa) kanye nevolumu engu-V (iyunithi m3), maka amaphuzu wokuxhumanisa, bese unquma isigaba sesitsha.
i.Ngeqembu lokuqala lemidiya, ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi yokucindezela kuboniswa ku-Figure 1-2.
Lapho iphuzu lokuxhumanisa litholakala emugqeni wokuhlukaniswa woMfanekiso 1-2 noma uMfanekiso 1-3, lihlukaniswa ngokwesigaba esiphezulu;ivolumu ingaphansi kuka-25L noma ububanzi bangaphakathi (ezingxenyeni ezingezona eziyindilinga, ibhekisela kububanzi, ukuphakama noma umugqa we-diagonal, njengokuthi unxande yimikhumbi yokucindezela yevolumu Encane enomugqa we-diagonal kanye ne-ellipse njenge-eksisi enkulu) ngaphansi kwe-150 mm ihlukaniswa njengemikhumbi yokucindezela ye-Class I;imidiya engacacisiwe kumazinga amabili we-GBZ230 kanye ne-HG20660 izocatshangelwa ngokugcwele ngokuvumelana nezakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali, izinga lengozi nokuqukethwe , Iqembu eliphakathi linqunywa iyunithi yokuklama umkhumbi wokucindezela.
Ngenxa yokuhluka kwezinqubomgomo zezomnotho, izinqubomgomo zobuchwepheshe, izisekelo zezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha zamazwe ahlukahlukene, izindlela zokuhlukanisa imikhumbi yokucindezela nazo zihlukile komunye nomunye.Lapho uklama imikhumbi yokucindezela usebenzisa izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe noma amazinga angaphandle athuthukile, izindlela ezihambisanayo zokuhlukanisa kufanele zamukelwe.
Isibonelo, i-EU 97/23/EC “I-Pressure Equipment Directive” inquma ngokuphelele izingozi zemishini yokucindezela ngokuya ngezici ezifana nengcindezi yokusebenza evumelekile, umfutho womhwamuko ezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa elivumelekile lokusebenza, ingozi emaphakathi, ivolumu yejiyomethri noma usayizi wegama, kanye sebenzisa.Imishini ethwala ukucindezela ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine: I, II, III, kanye ne-IV, futhi izinto ezihambisanayo, umklamo, ukukhiqiza kanye nezidingo zokuhlola zinikezwa.
Esinye isibonelo i-JISB8270 “Pressure Vessel (Basic Standard)” yaseJapan eyamenyezelwa ngo-1993, ehlukanisa imikhumbi yokucindezela ibe amabanga amathathu ngokuya ngengcindezi yokuklama kanye nobungozi bendawo ephakathi nendawo: uhlobo lwesithathu lomkhumbi wengcindezi lunebanga eliphansi kakhulu, kanye nobubanzi. isicelo ukuthi izinga lokushisa lokuklama alikho ngaphansi kuka-0℃, ingcindezi yokuklama ingaphansi kwe-1MPa;ingcindezi yokuklama yohlobo lwesibili lomkhumbi wengcindezi ingaphansi kuka-30MPa;futhi ingcindezi yokuklama yohlobo lokuqala lomkhumbi wokucindezela kufanele ngokuvamile ibe ngaphansi kuka-100MPa.Kodwa-ke, uma kunezidingo ezikhethekile zezinto zokwakha, ukukhiqiza, ukuhlolwa, njll., imikhumbi yokucindezela enengcindezi yokuklama ephakeme kune-100MPa nayo ingahlukaniswa esigabeni sokuqala semikhumbi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-19-2022