Izingozi zokuphepha ze-reactor zimi kanje...

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuvuza, izingozi zomlilo nokuqhuma kwe-reactor zenzeke kaningi.Njengoba i-reactor ivame ukugcwala amakhemikhali anobuthi nayingozi, imiphumela yengozi mibi kakhulu kunengozi yokuqhuma okuvamile.

Ingozi efihliwe yokuphepha kwe-reactor ayikwazi ukushaywa indiva

Igedlela lokusabela libhekisela ku-reactor yenqwaba enomshini onyakazayo.Ngokusho kwengcindezi edingwa yinqubo, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela okuvulekile, okuvaliwe, okujwayelekile, okucindezelwayo noma okungalungile.

Enqubweni yokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, ukuphepha kwe-reactor kanye nemvelo yendawo yokukhiqiza kubaluleke kakhulu.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ingozi yokuqhuma kwe-reactor ebangelwa ubudedengu yenze imboni yamakhemikhali yavuka.Izinto ezibonakala ziphephile, uma zibekwe ngendlela engafanele futhi zisezingeni eliphansi, nazo zizodala izingozi zokuphepha.

Izingozi zokuphepha ze-reactor zimi kanje:

Iphutha lokudla

Uma isivinini sokuphakela sishesha kakhulu, isilinganiso sokuphakelayo asilawuleki, noma ukulandelana kokuphakelayo kungalungile, ukusabela kwe-exothermic okusheshayo kungase kwenzeke.Uma ukupholisa kungenakuvunyelaniswa, ukunqwabelana kokushisa kuzokwakheka, okubangele ukuthi impahla ibole ngokwengxenye, okuholela ekuphenduleni okusheshayo kwento kanye nenani elikhulu legesi eyingozi.Kwenzeke ukuqhuma.

ukuvuza kwepayipi

Lapho ukondla, ngenxa yokusabela kwengcindezi evamile, uma ipayipi lokuphefumula lingavulwa, lapho ipompo isetshenziselwa ukuthutha izinto eziwuketshezi kuketela, ingcindezi enhle yenziwa kalula kuketela, okulula ukubangela ukuxhumana kwepayipi lempahla. ukuqhekeka, futhi ukuvuza kwempahla kungase kubangele ukulimala komuntu siqu.Ingozi eshile.Lapho uthulula, uma impahla eketela ingapholiswanga ezingeni lokushisa elishiwo (ngokuvamile okudingeka libe ngaphansi kuka-50 ° C), impahla emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kulula ukuwohloka futhi kulula ukubangela ukuthi impahla ichaphaze futhi ishise. opharetha.

ukushisa ngokushesha kakhulu

Ngenxa yesivinini sokushisa eseqile, izinga lokupholisa eliphansi kanye nomthelela ongemuhle wokujiya wezinto ezisegedlela, kungase kubangele ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zibilise, zenze ingxube yezigaba zomhwamuko kanye noketshezi, futhi kukhiqize ukucindezela.Izingcezu nezinye izinhlelo zokukhulula ingcindezi zisebenzisa ukukhululeka kwengcindezi nokushaya ngesibhakela.Uma impahla yokubhoboza ingakwazi ukufeza umphumela wokukhululeka kwengcindezi esheshayo, ingabangela ingozi yokuqhuma komzimba weketela.

Lungisa kushisa

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokusabela yezinto ezisegedlela, uma ukushiselwa kukagesi, imisebenzi yokulungisa ukusika igesi kwenziwa ngaphandle kokuthatha izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokuvimbela, noma izinhlansi zikhiqizwa ukuqinisa amabhawodi nezinto zensimbi, lapho kuhlangana nezinto ezivuzayo ezivuthayo neziqhumayo, kungenzeka. kubangele umlilo nokuqhuma.INGOZI.

Ukwakhiwa kwemishini

Idizayini engenangqondo ye-reactor, ukwakheka nokuma kwemishini engaqhubeki, ukwakheka komthungo ongafanele wokushisela, njll., kungase kubangele ukugxila ekucindezelekeni;ukukhethwa kwempahla engafanele, ikhwalithi yokushisela engagculisi lapho kukhiqizwa isiqukathi, nokuphathwa kokushisa okungafanele kungase kunciphise ukuqina kwento;igobolondo lesiqukathi Umzimba uguguleka izinto ezilimazayo, amandla ayancishiswa noma izisekeli zokuphepha azikho, njll., okungase kubangele ukuthi isiqukathi siqhume ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.

Ukusabela ngendlela engalawuleki

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuningi, okufana ne-oxidation, i-chlorination, i-nitration, i-polymerization, njll., kungukusabela okukhulu kwe-exothermic.Uma ukusabela kuphuma ekulawuleni noma kuhlangabezana nokucisha kukagesi kungazelelwe noma ukuphuma kwamanzi, ukushisa okusabelayo kuzonqwabelana, futhi izinga lokushisa nokucindezela ku-reactor kuzokhuphuka kakhulu.Ukumelana nokucindezela kwayo kungabangela ukuthi isiqukathi siqhume.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zikhishwa ekuqhumeni, okungase kubangele ingozi yomlilo nokuqhuma;ukuqhuma kweketela lokusabela kubangela ukuthi isimo sokulingana somfutho womhwamuko ubhujiswe, futhi uketshezi olushisa kakhulu olungazinzile luzobangela ukuqhuma kwesibili (ukuqhuma komusi);Isikhala esizungeze iketela simbozwe amaconsi noma umhwamuko woketshezi oluvuthayo, futhi ukuqhuma oku-3 (ukuqhuma kwegesi okuxubile) kuzokwenzeka uma kuba nemithombo yokuthungela.

Izizathu eziyinhloko zokusabela kokubaleka yilezi: ukushisa okusabelayo akuzange kususwe ngesikhathi, izinto zokusabela azizange zihlakazwe ngokulinganayo futhi ukusebenza kwakungalungile.

Izindaba Zokusebenza Eziphephile

Ukuhlolwa kwesitsha

Hlola njalo iziqukathi ezihlukahlukene kanye nemishini yokusabela.Uma kukhona umonakalo otholakele, kufanele zishintshwe ngesikhathi.Uma kungenjalo, imiphumela yokuqhuba izivivinyo ngaphandle kolwazi ayinakucatshangwa.

Ukukhetha ingcindezi

Qiniseka ukuthi uyazi inani lengcindezi elithile elidingwa isilingo, bese ukhetha igeji yengcindezi yochwepheshe ukuze wenze ukuhlola ngaphakathi kwebanga lokucindezela elivumelekile.Uma kungenjalo, ukucindezela kuzoba kuncane kakhulu futhi ngeke kuhlangabezane nezidingo ze-reactor yokuhlola.Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba yingozi.

Isayithi lokuhlola

Ukusabela ngokomzimba namakhemikhali akukwazi ukwenziwa ngokunganaki, ikakhulukazi ukusabela ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, enezidingo eziphakeme endaweni yokuhlola.Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokwenza ukuhlolwa, indawo yokuhlola kufanele ikhethwe ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokuhlolwa.

ihlanzekile

Naka ukuhlanzwa kwe-autoclave.Ngemuva kokuhlolwa ngakunye, kufanele kuhlanzwe.Uma kukhona ukungcola kuyo, ungaqali ukuhlola ngaphandle kokugunyazwa.

izinga lokushisa

Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, i-thermometer kufanele ifakwe emkhunjini wokusabela ngendlela efanele, ngaphandle kwalokho, hhayi kuphela izinga lokushisa elilinganisiwe elizobe lingalungile, kodwa futhi ukuhlolwa kungase kuhluleke.

imishini yokuphepha

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, hlola ngokucophelela zonke izinhlobo zemishini yokuphepha, ikakhulukazi i-valve yokuphepha, ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kokuhlolwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zixhobo zokuphepha kwe-reactor nazo zivame ukuhlolwa, zilungiswe futhi zigcinwe.

cindezela

I-high-pressure gauge idinga i-gauge ethize yokucindezela, futhi ukukhetha okuvamile yigeji yokucindezela enikezwe umoya-mpilo.Uma ngephutha ukhethe igeji yokucindezela kwamanye amagesi, kungase kubangele imiphumela ongayicabangeli.

EukuphuthumaRimpenduloMama-asures

1 Ukukhuphuka okusheshayo kwezinga lokushisa lokukhiqiza nokucindezela akukwazi ukulawulwa

Lapho izinga lokushisa lokukhiqiza nokucindezela kukhuphuka ngokushesha futhi kungalawuleki, vala ngokushesha wonke ama-valve angenisa izinto;ngokushesha yeka ukunyakazisa;vala ngokushesha isitimu (noma amanzi ashisayo) i-valve yokufudumeza, futhi uvule amanzi okupholisa (noma amanzi apholile) ivalve yokupholisa;vula ngokushesha i-valve ye-vent;Lapho i-valve yokukhipha umoya kanye nezinga lokushisa nokucindezela kusalokhu kungalawuleki, vula ngokushesha i-valve yokukhipha ngaphansi kwemishini ukuze ulahle izinto;lapho ukwelashwa okungenhla kungasebenzi futhi ukukhishwa kwe-valve yokukhipha phansi akukwazi ukuqedwa ngesikhathi esifushane, yazisa ngokushesha abasebenzi beposi ukuthi baphume endaweni.

2 Kuvuze inani elikhulu lezinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi

Uma kuvuza inani elikhulu lezinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi, yazisa ngokushesha izisebenzi ezizungezile ukuthi ziphume endaweni zibheke phezulu;gqoka ngokushesha umshini wokuphefumula omuhle ukuze uvale (noma uvale) i-valve yokuvuza enobuthi neyingozi;lapho i-valve yento enobuthi neyingozi ingakwazi ukuvalwa, ngokushesha yazise isiqondiso sokuya phansi (Noma amasonto amane) amayunithi kanye nabasebenzi ukuze bahlakaze noma bathathe izinyathelo zokuphepha, bese ufafaza i-ejenti yokwelapha ngokuya nezici ezibonakalayo zokumuncwa, ukuhlanjululwa kanye nokunye ukwelashwa.Okokugcina, qukatha ukuchitheka ukuze ulahlwe ngendlela efanele.

3 Inani elikhulu lezinto ezivuthayo neziqhumayo ezivuzayo

Lapho inani elikhulu lezinto ezivuthayo neziqhuma livuza, gqoka umshini wokuphefumula oqondile ukuze uvale (noma uvale) ivalvu evuzayo evuthayo nesiqhumane;lapho i-valve evuzayo evuthayo nesiqhumane ingakwazi ukuvalwa, ngokushesha yazise izisebenzi ezizungezile (ikakhulukazi ezokwehlisa umoya) ukuthi zimise Vula amalangabi nokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza okuthambekele ekubeni nezinhlansi, futhi kumise ngokushesha okunye ukukhiqiza noma ukusebenza okuzungezile, futhi uma kungenzeka, hambisa okuvutha futhi iziqhumane ezivuzayo endaweni ephephile ezolahlwa.Uma ukuvuza kwegesi kushisiwe, i-valve akufanele ivalwe ngokushesha, futhi kufanele kukhokhwe ukuvimbela i-flashback kanye nokugxila kwegesi kufinyelela umkhawulo wokuqhuma ukuze kubangele ukuqhuma.

4. Ngokushesha thola imbangela yobuthi lapho abantu belimele

Lapho abantu belimele, imbangela yobuthi kufanele ihlonzwe ngokushesha futhi kubhekwane nayo ngempumelelo;lapho ubuthi bubangelwa ukuhogela, umuntu onoshevu kufanele ahanjiswe ngokushesha emoyeni omusha ngasendleleni eya phezulu.Uma ubuthi bubucayi, buthumele esibhedlela ukuze batakulwe;uma ubuthi bubangelwa ukumunca, ukuphuza amanzi afudumele anele, ukuhlanza, noma ukukhipha ubuthi ubisi noma okumhlophe kweqanda, noma ukuthatha ezinye izinto ukuze uzikhiphe;uma ubuthi bubangelwa isikhumba, susa ngokushesha izingubo ezingcolile , hlambulula ngamanzi amaningi agelezayo, futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha;lapho umuntu onobuthi eyeka ukuphefumula, ngokushesha enze ukuphefumula okwenziwa;lapho inhliziyo yomuntu onoshevu iyeka ukushaya, yenza ngokushesha ukucindezela okwenziwa ngesandla ukuze ukhiphe inhliziyo;lapho isikhumba somzimba womuntu sishiswa endaweni enkulu, geza ngokushesha ngamanzi amaningi Hlanza indawo eshile, hlambulula cishe imizuzu eyi-15, futhi uqaphele ukuthi ungagodoli nesithwathwa, futhi usithumele ngokushesha esibhedlela ukuze sithole ukwelashwa ngemva kwalokho. ukushintsha izingubo ezingangcolisi.